关于产业结构,布局,政策一体化研究：以上海工业发展为例

本文论述了产业结构、产业布局和产业政策一体化研究的辩证关系,指出经济地理必须拓展研究领域,不能局限于产业布局的狭窄范围内,而应把结构、布局和政策综合进行研究,才能提高研究成果的科学水平。产业结构和产业布局是一个事物的两个侧面,全国产业合理布局是优化产业结构的前提,地区产业结构合理化又是优化产业布局的前提。而加强产业政策研究又是实现产业结构和合理布局调整的必要保证。文内以上海市的实例进行系统分析与论述。     

地下水超采区水权分配方法及实例应用分析

河北省为推进水资源管理制度改革,建立地下水超采综合治理的长效机制,于2014年出台了《河北省水权确权登记办法》。以此《办法》为基础,选取河北省地下水超采区内的东光县作为水权分配应用实例,结合在地下水超采区内水权分配的原则、方法及步骤,最后得出东光县各行业水量分配结果,并对终端用水户进行水权确权,该实例应用可为地下水超采区其它县(市、区)提供经验借鉴。水权分配及确权工作有利于探索建立水权水市场制度,节约保护水资源,为河北省开展地下水超采综合治理试点工作提供可靠支撑和保障。     

Quota allocation rules in Romania assessed by a dynamic CGE model

Alternative mechanisms for EU ETS (European Union Emissions Trading Scheme) quota allocations within the Romanian economy were evaluated using a general equilibrium model within a dynamic intertemporal framework. Several distribution rules were simulated based on: the historical emissions, the least-cost approach, and the auctioning scheme with and without a preliminary selection of eligible sectors. We found that the resulting marginal abatement cost in ETS-eligible sectors is only €5.75/tCO₂ for reducing pollution by 20.7%. Such a low cost is explained by low energy prices and by substitution possibilities with low carbon content resources (nuclear and hydroelectricity). Including all sectors in the trade creates a more flexible market than in the ETS, since more reduction options are available. The ETS has high feasibility for monitoring. All eligible sectors (except refineries and metallurgy) present the lowest abatement costs in the economy. Auctioning introduces a strong carbon price signal, which reduces emission intensity but creates distortions in terms of trade and worsens the country's energy dependency. Environmental policy has modest macroeconomic results and tends to correct the resources allocation. The strong double dividend obtained under certain circumstances indicates Romania's potential for improving its energy efficiency and carbon intensity.     

黑河流域中游人工水循环系统在分水前后的变化

介绍了黑河流域中游人工水文循环过程及其中各系统之间的关系,目标是为黑河流域生态—水文过程模拟提供一套较准确的数据集。利用张掖市水利年报、莺落峡水文站资料以及张掖市水资源管理年报等调查数据分析了黑河分水前后,2000年和2010年黑河流域中游引水、输水和用水系统的变化过程,得出以下结论:①人工水文循环过程通过引水系统、输水系统、储水系统和用水系统来影响农业水资源在时空上的分配,它是人类活动影响下的中游水文循环过程的重要组成部分;②2010年比2000年引水口门减少了26处,渠道综合水利用率提高了3.6%;③与2000年相比,2010年地表水和地下水资源开发利用在空间上产生了很大变化,地表水引水量减少了1.05亿m3,地下水开采量增加了1.64亿m3。最后,从径流、地下水、大气水方面分析了人工水循环过程对自然水循环过程的影响。     

中国碳总量控制新进展：省域碳配额分配研究综述

为加快碳达峰、碳中和进程,中国正探索碳总量控制制度,而省域碳配额分配是落实总量控制目标的重要抓手。从分配准则、分配方法和分配结果3个环节对关于中国省域碳配额分配的研究开展综述。结果表明,兼顾公平和效率原则是各方研究共识,但对于公平原则的解读和测度尚存争议。指标法和优化法在省域碳配额分配中被广泛采用,前者能兼顾多方利益,后者能提升分配效率;混合法因具备多方法优势而具有较大发展潜力;博弈法因缺乏透明度而较为罕见。既有分配结果对各省分配的减排责任与各省实情间尚有差距,并仅关注某一特定年份当期或者某一时间区间内累计的碳配额分配,缺乏对逐年碳配额分配的关注。建议后续研究进一步关注兼顾公平与效率、考虑区域异质性与消费端排放责任、采用多方法组合、兼容个案特殊性的跨期动态分配方法学的构建过程。     

How have catch shares been allocated?

A unique database was created that describes the methods used to allocate shares in nearly every major catch share fishery in the world. Approximately 54% of the major catch share fisheries in the world allocated the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) solely on the basis of historical catch records, 3% used auctions, and 6% used equal sharing rules. The remaining 37% used a combination of methods, including vessel-based rules. These results confirm the widely-held belief that nearly all catch share programs have “grandfathered” private access to fishery resources: 91% of the fisheries in the database allocated some fraction of the TAC on the basis of historical catch. This publicly available database should be a useful reference tool for policymakers, academics, and others interested in catch shares management in Hawai'i and across the globe.     

Comparing developing countries under potential carbon allocation schemes

Abstract

To stabilise atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, all countries will eventually need to be included in the effort to limit climate change. This article explores what potential future greenhouse gas allocation schemes might mean for key developing countries. The need for development is widely acknowledged, but growth in non-Annex I country emissions means that such development may need to take a different path to business as usual. The national interests of developing countries in negotiating potential future commitments are shaped by basic characteristics, notably emissions (both annual and historical cumulative), economic growth and population. These factors in turn shape the acceptability of allocations based on ability to pay, emissions intensity, or emissions per capita.

Results for six major developing countries (China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Argentina and Nigeria) show that the implications for developing countries differ widely. For example, ability to pay does not favour Argentina; a reduction based on emissions intensity is not appropriate for Brazil; and per capita allocations would be problematic for South Africa. It is difficult to conceive of a single allocation scheme that would be appropriate for all developing countries. This points to the need for differentiation between developing countries in terms of any potential future commitments.     

The effectiveness of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme

How effective is the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in promoting emissions reduction for compliance with the Kyoto Protocol commitment? A theoretical benchmark is determined in order to assess the stringency of the ETS cap and to evaluate whether emissions allowances have been over-allocated. This analysis clarifies how the emissions reduction effort has been divided between ETS and non-ETS sectors, highlighting the extent to which Member States effectively rely on the ETS to comply with their Kyoto commitments. Finally, inefficiencies relating to the over-allocation of allowances are analysed; namely cross-subsidization from non-ETS to ETS sectors, national subsidies to the ETS sectors, and distortion of competition.     

Back to square one? Fisheries allocation under pressure

In Norway there is a long tradition of allocating fish resources among the fishers. In modern times this has been done through specific allocation keys. This article describes the development of the allocation system for the offshore (trawler) and coastal fleets. The allocation system is closely related to stock assessment and the fixing of global quotas (TACs) as well as structural policies to prevent “capacity creep”. All three systems can be seen as institutions, where the TAC-machine is firmly established while the two others are under pressure, largely due to competition on the global fish market. The established goal of maintaining a diversified fishing fleet is now gradually being dismantled, with repercussions for coastal employment and settlement patterns. The coastal fleet is per 2013 something entirely different from the situation in 1990, when the coastal fisheries were effectively closed. Sooner or later this development is bound to change also the management institutions, and in particular the allocation system and the closely related structural policies.     

Contemporary American cartographic research: a review and prospective

ABSTRACT

We review recent developments in cartographic research in North America, in the context of informing the 29th International Cartographic Conference, and 18th General Assembly in 2019. The titles of papers published since 2015 in four leading cartographic journals yielded a corpus of 245 documents containing 1109 unique terms. These terms were analyzed using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and by visual analytics to produce 14 topic groups that mapped onto five classes. These classes were named as information visualization, cartographic data, spatial analysis and applications, methods and models, and GIScience. The classes were then used as themes to discuss the recent cartographic literature more broadly, first, to review recent trends in the research and to identify research gaps, and second, to examine prospects for new research over the next 20 years. A conclusion draws some broad findings from the review, suggesting that cartographic research in the future will be aimed less at dealing with data, and more at generating insight and knowledge to better inform society about global challenges.