中国大陆及邻近海域的Rayleigh波群速度分布

利用Rayleigh波群速度资料反演得到中国大陆及其临近海域的(70°E-145°E,10°N-55°N)15-120s周期的群速度分布图像. 塔里木盆地在15s处清楚地显示为低速,在16-33s左右没有显示,但在36-5s显示为高速,说明塔里木盆地有较深的根. 青藏高原块体是44s至120s图像中最为突出的低速块体,南面与印度板块的分界线以及与北面的塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地的分界清晰,其块体中西部的速度低于东部. 泰国清迈附近存在一尺度为1000km左右的低速带,可能是青藏高原块体的物质向东南方向迁移造成上地幔物质上涌的结果. 南北地震带表现为强烈的速度梯度带,西面为低速,东面为高速. 中国南海的中央、日本海中央、菲律宾海表现为海洋性地壳. 菲律宾海的图像与地形及地震带完全吻合. 环绕菲律宾海及日本海存在400km左右宽的低速带,可能是岩浆活动带.     

高放废物处置库选址中低渗透介质地质研究的几个问题

低渗透介质是阻碍有害物质在地下迁移良好的天然屏障, 因此成为高放废物处置库围岩类型的首选。本文通过对高放废物处置库选址中地质研究的回顾, 阐述了低渗透介质地质研究的特点, 对地质参数测定、取样、水流模拟、地球化学模拟进行了重点介绍。     

一次台风暴雨的初步分析

文章对1994年7月12～13日一次登陆台风造成的华北暴雨作了天气动力学诊断分析。分析表明，9406号台风登陆后，台风和太平洋副热带高压间形成的偏东南风低空急流，具有明显超地转特征，它是触发这次台风暴雨的关键系统。Q矢量诊断表明，Q矢量辐合区与暴雨位置较为一致。     

鄂北—豫南地区榴辉岩相岩石变质作用演化特征

鄂北－豫南地区榴辉岩相变质岩石类型多样，其野外产状和岩石化学特征反映了原地变质成因。根据区域地质及榴辉岩相变质岩石的野外产状，结合榴辉岩中石榴石绿辉石的Ｆｅ２＋－Ｍｇ互换温度计所计算出的峰期变质温度，将本区榴辉岩分为两类，一类为中温榴辉岩，产于晚太古界—早元古界大别群，为Ｂ类榴辉岩，由绿帘角闪岩相岩石进变质形成。榴辉岩相变质作用分为两阶段，首先为柯石英榴辉岩相阶段，其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝６００℃～７００℃，Ｐ＝２．７～３．０ＧＰａ，然后近等温降压，出现蓝闪石等含水矿物，为蓝闪石榴辉岩相阶段，此时水活度在榴辉岩相变质过程中起着重要作用；另一类为低温榴辉岩，产于中元古界七角山组，为Ｃ类榴辉岩，由蓝片岩相岩石进变质形成，其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝４９０℃～５６０℃，Ｐ＜１．５ＧＰａ。中温榴辉岩与低温榴辉岩具有不同的变质作用特征。最后讨论了本区高压变质带的成因演化。     

Low-frequency 3-D seismic survey of upper crustal magmatic intrusions in the northeastern Pannonian basin of Hungary

A specially designed 700-km² grid survey, deploying 1000 regularly distributed low-frequency seismic recording systems, successfully investigated one of the most complex geologic environments of the Pannonian basin. The wide-angle signals penetrated through over 1000 m of multi-phase igneous lithology and recognized, for the first time, the underlying enigmatic Permian to Early Triassic basement rocks. Tomographic inversion of the first arrival grid data resulted in determination of an accurate three-dimensional (3-D) velocity field, to a depth of 4 km. The anomalous changes of the spatial velocity data outline the regional extent of the Late Miocene magmatic intrusions, which are covered by over 2000 m of Mid-Miocene to Pleistocene clastics. Complex relationship was found between the surface potential data and the intrusive bodies. This multi-faceted geophysical data analysis established a functional technique for mapping a subsurface with intricate acoustic and structural complexity.     

描述黄河中下游河道横断面形态的新指标

描述河流横断面的窄深程度,无非是用来衡量它对过流能力和输沙能力的影响大小,及其在河流地貌方面的时空上的调整变化。回顾总结了以往描述横断面形态的常用指标,包括河相系数、宽深比,或湿周与平均水深的比值,指出这几种指标在描述黄河中下游河道时所存在的共同缺点:(1)缺乏物理意义;(2)不能真正代表断面的窄深程度;(3)明显的夸大了宽浅和窄深断面的差别。从表称流量的概念出发,作者认为,应该使用具有明确物理意义的等面积的表称流速来描述断面形态。如果用表称流速来衡量黄河下游河南和山东河道的断面形态的差别,就会发现,断面形态的不同,其对过流能力的影响不过1:2,远不象河相系数和宽深比所描述的达到1:6甚至1:11那样的悬殊程度;黄河下游河道主槽“多来多排”的主要影响因素是表称流速。     

致密砂岩的形成机制及其地质意义——以塔里木盆地英南2井为例

砂质岩的孔隙和喉道被网格状粘土矿物和次生加大矿物充填成微细孔喉状结构时,形成具有较高毛细管压力的致密砂岩。它与地层水发生水锁效应,可大大降低渗透率,成为致密砂岩盖层。当含水饱和度在50%以下时,束缚水饱和度比较低,致密砂岩储层可以产气;当含水饱和度在50%～90%区间时,具有较高的束缚水饱和度,相对渗透率非常低,它既不能产气也不能产水,反映为渗透率瓶颈区(具有盖层性质);当含水饱和度大于90%以上时,致密砂岩储层仅微量产水。塔里木盆地英南2井侏罗系气藏盖层由致密砂岩构成,不含水时的气体渗透率在(0.027～0.081)×10-3μm2,不能构成封堵;当含水饱和度达到60%以上时,相对渗透率几乎为零,构成有效盖层。     

程裕淇主编《中国地层典》记失

文章列数了《中国地层典》5个方面的重要失误:不是中国地层名称全览性的工具书,急于采用处于争议中的术语,大量地层单位名称的出处因考证不到位而形成张冠李戴,采用的历史优先律不是国际共识,在编撰过程中建立新名称。文章用选出的泰山杂岩、滹沱系、秦岭片岩和仑山石灰岩4个名称为例说明《中国地层典》对其出处的考证不到位,进而论证《中国地层典》的诸多解释可信度低。文章严肃地指出“历史优先律”给中国地层学造成的不良后果:它破坏了地层命名法的标准性,颠倒了中国地层命名史,干扰了中国地层名称的管理。     

Response of low‐angle dunes to variable flow

Current understanding of bedform dynamics is largely based on field and laboratory observations of bedforms in steady flow environments. There are relatively few investigations of bedforms in flows dominated by unsteadiness associated with rapidly changing flows or tides. As a consequence, the ability to predict bedform response to variable flow is rudimentary. Using high‐resolution multibeam bathymetric data, this study explores the dynamics of a dune field developed by tidally modulated, fluvially dominated flow in the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia, Canada. The dunes were dominantly low lee angle features characteristic of large, deep river channels. Data were collected over a field ca 1·0 km long and 0·5 km wide through a complete diurnal tidal cycle during the rising limb of the hydrograph immediately prior to peak freshet, yielding the most comprehensive characterization of low‐angle dunes ever reported. The data show that bedform height and lee angle slope respond to variable flow by declining as the tide ebbs, then increasing as the tide rises and the flow velocities decrease. Bedform lengths do not appear to respond to the changes in velocity caused by the tides. Changes in the bedform height and lee angle have a counterclockwise hysteresis with mean flow velocity, indicating that changes in the bedform geometry lag changes in the flow. The data reveal that lee angle slope responds directly to suspended sediment concentration, supporting previous speculation that low‐angle dune morphology is maintained by erosion of the dune stoss and crest at high flow, and deposition of that material in the dune trough.     

Weakness and mechanical anisotropy of phyllosilicate-rich cataclasites developed after mylonites of a low-angle normal fault (Simplon Line,Western Alps)

The Simplon Fault Zone is a late-collisional low-angle normal fault (LANF) of the Western Alps. The hanging wall shows evidence of brittle deformation only, while the footwall is characterized by a c. 1 km-thick shear zone (the Simplon Fault Zone), which continuously evolved, during exhumation and cooling, from amphibolite facies conditions to brittle-cataclastic deformations. Due to progressive localization of the active section of the shear zone, the thermal-rheological evolution of the footwall resulted in a layered structure, with higher temperature mylonites preserved at the periphery of the shear zone, and cataclasites occurring at the core (indicated as the Simplon Line). In order to investigate the weakness of the Simplon Line, we studied the evolution of brittle/cataclastic fault rocks, from nucleation to the most mature ones. Cataclasites are superposed on greenschist facies mylonites, and their nucleation can be studied at the periphery of the brittle fault zone. This is characterized by fractures, micro-faults and foliated ultracataclasite seams that develop along the mylonitic SCC′ fabric, exploiting the weak phases mainly represented by muscovite and chlorite. Approaching the fault core, both the thickness and frequency of cataclasite horizons increase, and, as their thickness increases, they become less and less foliated. The fault core itself is represented by a thicker non-foliated cataclasite horizon. No Andersonian faults or fractures can be found in the footwall damage zone and core zone, whilst they are present in the hanging wall and in the footwall further from the fault. Applying a stress model based on slip tendency, we have been able to calculate that the friction coefficient of the Simplon Line cataclasites was <0.25, hence this fault zone is absolutely weak. In contrast with other fault zones, the weakening effect of fluids was of secondary importance, since they accessed the fault zone only after an interconnected fracture network developed exploiting the cataclasite network.