天然气水合物的上界面——硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面

定义了海域天然气水合物成矿带的上界面。指出在地球深部存在最原始的、从根本上不依靠光合作用来生存的生命系统。根据对ODP岩心样品中微生物数量的统计,海底以下沉积层中的生物数量可能占据全球原核生物总量的70%,其生物总碳量和地球表面所有植物的碳总量相当。地球内部如此巨大的生物总量应该在地壳中的气体分布等方面起着重要作用。甲烷在地壳层中广泛存在,并主要是微生物成因的。微生物产甲烷的途径主要有两个,一是二氧化碳还原,另一个是醋酸盐发酵。相应地,参与产甲烷的微生物菌群主要是产甲烷菌和食醋酸菌。甲烷在沉积层中的厌氧氧化是一个不争的事实。该过程发生在海底以下一个非常局限的区带,称为硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化区带。通常,这个区带很窄,仅为一个面,因此,硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化区带又称硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面。这是一个基本的生物地球化学界面,在功能上它起到屏蔽甲烷向海底和大气逸散的作用,是一个巨大的甲烷汇。甲烷的厌氧氧化同样是一个由微生物介导的过程,参与此过程的微生物主要是食甲烷古菌和硫酸盐还原菌。硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面在海洋沉积层中一般深可达海底以下上百米,浅可至海底。此界面为天然气水合物的上界面,该界面以上没有甲烷...     

A traversing system to measure bottom boundary layer hydraulic properties

This study describes a new convenient and robust system developed to measure benthic boundary layer properties, with emphasis placed on the determination of bed shear stress and roughness height distribution within estuarine systems by using velocity measurements. This system consisted of a remotely operated motorised traverser that allowed a single ADV to collect data between 0 and 1 m above the bed. As a case study, we applied the proposed traversing system to investigate bottom boundary layer (BBL) hydraulic properties within Coombabah Creek, Queensland, Australia. Four commonly-employed techniques: (1) Log-Profile (LP); (2) Reynolds stress (RS); (3) Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE); and (4) Inertial Dissipation (ID) used to estimate bed shear stresses from velocity measurements were compared. Bed shear stresses estimated with these four methods agreed reasonably well; of these, the LP method was found to be most useful and reliable. Additionally, the LP method permits the calculation of roughness height, which the other three methods do not. An average value of bed shear stress of 0.46 N/m², roughness height of 4.3 mm, and drag coefficient of 0.0054 were observed within Coombabah Creek. Results are consistent with that reported for several other silty bed estuaries.     

海域勘界技术的应用

制订划界方案是海域勘界工作的核心工作,包括资料分析、初拟划界草案、草案协调和协商等阶段．大多数海域界线需要分段划分．勘界实践表明,不同界线及其不同区段的界线必须运用不同的划界技术,如垂直岸线法、水道（航道）中心线法、协议线法、习惯线法、中点连线法、用海界线法及岛礁中间线法等．草案协调是勘界工作的难点,必须采取背靠背协调、面对面协商及反复沟通等方法,促成双方达成共识．     

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北太平洋波浪输运和西边界流的季节变化

西边界流输运可以用Sverdrup理论推算出来.本文首先利用ECMWF再分析风场数据,计算了44年的月平均的风应力旋度及Sverdrup体积输运,在北太平洋3条纬度上对Sverdrup体积输运进行积分,得到Sverdrup体积输运的季节变化,从中发现,在向赤道流动的方向上,Sverdrup体积输运在冬季存在最大值,夏季存在最小值;同样利用ECMWF再分析波浪数据,计算了44a的月平均的Stokes体积输运,在相同纬度上对Stokes体积输运进行积分,得到Stokes体积输运的季节变化,从结果中发现,在向赤道流动的方向上,Stokes输运在冬季存在最大值,在夏季存在最小值.在本文中设定R=T_(st)/T_(sv)×100%,T_(st)为Stokes体积输运,T_(sv)为Sverdrup体积输运,发现Stokes输运和Sverdrup输运存在同位相的季节变化,并且(-R)冬季平均值在5%以上,年平均值在2%～3%左右,从而推断出波浪诱导的输运对Sverdrup输运,既对西边界流有不可忽视的贡献.     

江苏大丰潮滩潮流边界层特征研究

2003年7月中小潮期间使用MIDAS-400用户化数据采集系统在江苏大丰潮滩上进行了垂向多层位同步的流速和悬沙浓度观测。根据观测资料研究了潮流作用下的潮滩底部边界层过程,结果表明,观测地点的潮汐不对称现象十分明显,落潮流速、历时和输水输沙量皆明显大于涨潮;在潮周期内的多数时间里流速剖面符合对数分布,但在风力较强、水流快速增加和流速缓慢的情况下,流速剖面常偏离对数分布;悬沙颗粒垂向混合均匀,悬沙浓度剖面符合Rouse公式;落潮时的底部切应力和摩阻流速明显大于涨潮,摩阻流速与各水层流速通常有较好的线性关系;滩面糙度主要与沙纹形态和推移质运动强度有关,它与摩阻流速存在密切关系;悬沙浓度具有明显的减阻效应,受其影响,摩阻流速和底部切应力分别减小了28%~41%和40%~62%。     

西非被动大陆边缘重力滑脱构造体系下的塑性构造

论述了西非被动大陆边缘深水环境下的重力滑脱构造体系中的塑性构造。研究发现塑性地层在整个西非被动大陆边缘都有分布,且盐岩塑性层主要分布在西非被动大陆边缘的西南部和西北部,发育层位为过渡期(J-K)构造层之内;中部尼日尔三角洲等塑性层主要为泥岩塑性层,发育层位为古近系和新近系。根据重力滑脱构造体系发育特征可划分为:以正断裂和塑性焊接构造为主的上部重力滑脱伸展构造、以底辟构造为主的中部重力滑脱底辟构造、以冲断裂、塑性褶皱和塑性冲断构造为主的下部重力滑脱冲断构造。根据塑性构造上覆地层的变形过程,塑性构造演化主要经历了后生变形期和同生变形期。塑性构造变形机制主要受基底掀斜作用和上覆地层的沉积速率控制。塑性构造中的底辟、褶皱、冲断及塑性焊接构造对油气成藏的控制作用依次减弱。     

Parametric study for underwater blast-induced pipeline response embedded in marine sediments

Abstract

Blast response of submerged pipelines has been a research focus in recent years. In this article, a three-dimensional numerical model is established to investigate dynamic response of pipelines due to underwater explosion. The u–p approximation is integrated into finite element method (FEM) to simulate pore water effect in the seabed. Numerical continuity between hydraulic pressure in the flow field and pore pressure in the marine sediment is guaranteed to realize the blast response of submerged pipelines in ocean environment. Both fluid–structure interaction (FSI) and pipeline–seabed interaction (PSI) have been considered in the proposed model simultaneously. A comprehensive parametric study is carried out after validation of the present model with test data from underground explosion and underwater explosion, respectively. The effect of embedment depth, TNT equivalent, stand-off distance, pipeline diameter, and pipeline thickness to blast response of the submerged pipelines is investigated based on numerical results. Variation of deformation patterns and stress distribution of the pipeline with various installation and structure parameters has been illustrated and discussed to facilitate engineering practice.     

西边界流在边界“豁口”的形变及其机制

大洋西边界流在边界豁口处由于失去边界的支持而发生形变。本文将西边界流视为一种惯性射流，遵循绝对涡度守恒原理，推导了流轴及其两侧流体在西边界豁口处不同形式的弯曲，发现在一定的豁口尺度条件下，西边界流自身的相对涡度分布特点和地球旋转的β效应决定了在失去西侧陆坡支持时，其主体会沿反气旋路径发生一段经向的位移而圈回入射点所在的经度位置。主轴变形的经向尺度与初始速度及西边界流的入射角度有关；主轴西侧可能会出现一小部分分支进入邻近的内海并形成气旋或反气旋式环流；主轴东侧的流体则在豁口以东沿反气旋路径弯曲，从而论证了西边界豁口处形成西边界流弯曲的可能性和原因