冲击起沙的概念模型

冲击起沙是最重要的起沙方式。鉴于Lu和Shao提出的体积模型的不足,通过分析沙床受到冲击后应力的传递规律,类比于电子的跃迁模型,提出了冲击起沙的跃迁模型来解决冲击起沙问题。该模型的基本思想是,沙粒冲击沙床时,能量会沿冲击点向周围粒子扩散,当某一粒子获得的能量大于跃出所需要的能量时,该粒子即从床面跃出;多余的能量将转化为该粒子的跃出初动能。冲击起沙问题由此变成了一个研究跃出能量的大小和能量传输规律的问题。根据该模型,基于能量传输的吸收系数法和传输方程近似法,给出了两维和三维情形下冲击起沙释放的粒子数、速度分布和冲击坑形状的表达式。两维情形下显示,冲击坑的大小与释放的粒子数和粒径大小正比,而且伴随着冲击坑的形成,可能会发生崩塌现象。吸收系数法显示,两维冲击坑随着吸收系数的增大是先增大,后反而出现了收缩。传输方程近似法显示,两维冲击坑的大小正比于kt。     

Wind tunnel experimental investigation of sand velocity in aeolian sand transport

Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport was measured using the laser Doppler technique of PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) in a wind tunnel. The sand velocity profile, probability distribution of particle velocity, particle velocity fluctuation and particle turbulence were analyzed in detail. The experimental results verified that the sand horizontal velocity profile can be expressed by a logarithmic function above 0.01 m, while a deviation occurs below 0.01 m. The mean vertical velocity of grains generally ranges from − 0.2 m/s to 0.2 m/s, and is downward at the lower height, upward at the higher height. The probability distributions of the horizontal velocity of ascending and descending particles have a typical peak and are right-skewed at a height of 4 mm in the lower part of saltation layer. The vertical profile of the horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of particles shows a single peak. The horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of sand particles is generally larger than the vertical RMS velocity fluctuation. The RMS velocity fluctuations of grains in both horizontal and vertical directions increase with wind velocity. The particle turbulence intensity decreases with height. The present investigation is helpful in understanding the sand movement mechanism in windblown sand transport and also provides a reference for the study of blowing sand velocity.     

Aeolian Geomorphology in the Era of Deep Space Exploration

The exploration of "Deep Sea, Deep Earth and Deep Space" provides opportunities and challenges for the development of geoscience, and geographical science begins to meet the climax of deep space exploration represented by Mars. In China, Martian exploration will be launched in 2020, which will carry out global and comprehensive surrounding exploration of Mars, patrol detection in some local areas, researchers need to be well prepared for the study of planetary geosciences including aeolian geomorphology based on these coming data. Aeolian geomorphology is divided into three stages based on the development history and trend: classical research focusing on single dune observation, modern research with earth system ideology and future research mainly on extra-terrestrial planets. The characteristics of each developing stage were summarized, and we believe that the planetary aeolian research will come naturally. Then, the development and achievement of planetary aeolian research are summarized, the existing problems and future developing trend were also discussed here. Study shows that there are many types of aeolian landforms on Mars, Venus and Titan, and the aeolian process is the most active modern surface process. Aeolian geomorphology in different planets has good similarity, but the difference is also obvious, which means that they have similar formation mechanism, but different formation and evolution conditions, therefore, the theory of aeolian geomorphology will be improved and enriched gradually through the comparative study on different planets. There are obvious advantages in revealing the formation laws and mechanism of aeolian geomorphology in extraterrestrial planets because of the simple formation conditions, and the research of aeolian geomorphology in the era of deep space exploration is in the ascendant.     

A Multiple Composite Fingerprinting Method and Its Application

Fingerprinting technique provides an essential means for estimating source contributions of watershed sediments, in which a single group of “optimum composite fingerprints” has been widely used in the literature to estimate sediment provenance. This type of methods is not restricted by the scale or process of sediment transportation so that similar procedures can be applied in sediment provenance research for aeolian depositions. However, recent studies found no direct link (positive relationship) between the ability of the tracer group to discriminate sources and its rigor in estimating source contributions after optimization. Here, we introduced a recently developed multiple composite fingerprinting method with additional screening based on analytical solutions, and further reviewed its verification in watersheds at different scales. It turned out that compared to Monte Carlo optimization method, a reasonable estimation can be achieved using the mean of the maximum number of composite fingerprints that given analytical solution to the mixing model, but the computational cost can be reduced significantly. The reliability of this new method was also tested in source contribution estimating of aeolian sediments, and the provenance quantification of reservoir sediment in an arid region experiencing both wind and water sediments.     

Progress and Prospect of Research on Coastal Wind-eroded Landform

The coastal wind-eroded landform, one of the kinds of wind-eroded landforms which widely distribute and have complex causes of formation, now is being much more concerned in recent years with the major research development of wind-eroded landform based on the advanced research techniques and methods. According to the summarization about the main progresses of foreign research on coastal wind-eroded landform in different periods, the status and dispute of research on coastal wind-eroded landform in China, and the development difference of coastal and mainland wind-eroded landform in China, it is essential work to improve the research on the coastal wind-eroded landform in China. Finally future research directions of coastal wind-eroded landforms are suggested such as to find out the types and their distribution features of coastal wind-eroded landforms in China, investigate their morphology and change characteristics,probe into the interaction essence between the morphological changes and the airflow and wind-sand flux of typical coastal wind-eroded landforms, and explore the model and laws of formation and evolution of coastal wind-eroded landforms in China.     

浦东新区“硬土层”的沉积物特征和成因

在浦东新区高层建筑主要桩基持力层之一的暗绿色和褐黄色硬土层系统勘察的基础上,运用沉积学的研究方法和地层对比研究,对硬土层的沉积特征作一剖析。认为该硬土层为末次冰期干冷气候条件下风成黄土沉积物经过次生变化作用演变而成。     

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠砂的工程地质特性浅析

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠风积砂分选良好,矿物成分以石英为主,砂粒磨圆度好,具有孔隙率大、内摩擦角小、承载力低等特性.通过在沙漠北部、中部和南部试验段进行的专题工程地质研究,介绍了新疆准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠风积砂的基本物理力学特性和压实性、压缩性、渗透性、冻胀性等工程地质特性.     

Aeolian desertification from the mid-1970s to 2005 in Otindag Sandy Land, Northern China

Aeolian desertification in Otindag Sandy Land has expanded dramatically during the past 50 years. This research explored processes and causes of aeolian desertification in the study area. The results showed that aeolian desertification development in Zhenglan Qi of typical region located at the center in the study area can be divided into three stages including rapid occurrence before 1987, parts of rehabilitation and most of deterioration from 1987 to 2000 and little rapid rehabilitation occurrence from 2000 to 2005, according to remote sensing images and field investigations. Gradually declining MI indicated that climate change was not the major cause of aeolian desertification development during the last 40 years, while increasing population should be the underlying cause of local aeolian desertification. Irrational human activities mainly including unsuitable reclamation in the 1960s and lasting over-grazing after 1980 are direct causes contributing to local aeolian desertification, especially over-grazing, while climate change often played a revealer of irrational human activities mainly through drought events. Over-grazing and undesirable climate have different functions during the whole aeolian desertification process. Over-grazing gradually changed grasslands to slight aeolian desertified lands at the initial stage, while climate with windy days or droughts often accelerated formation of serious aeolian desertified lands. Aeolian desertification in the study area both possesses occurrence possibility and great rehabilitative potential. At present, more integrated countermeasures combating local aeolian desertification still are expected.     

中国的海岸风沙研究:进展与展望

较为全面地概括和总结了我国海岸风沙研究的主要进展及其成果,包括我国海岸沙丘的类型、分布、成因与发育模式,海岸现代风沙沉积与古风成砂沉积特征,海岸风沙运动观测结果,海岸风沙灾害现状及其防治等。最后,依据海岸风沙研究发展趋势提出了我国海岸风沙研究近期需要特别关注的课题,包括海岸风沙运动的观测与模拟、全球变化与海岸风沙活动关系以及海岸风沙防护研究等。     

古尔班通古特沙漠88°E沿线风沙土理化性状的纵向分异

纵穿古尔班通古特沙漠中部对风沙土理化性状分析结果表明:沙漠腹地风沙土含水量低于边部。风沙土颗粒物主要由极细沙-细沙-中沙组成,并且北部较中部和南部粗。个体沙垄垄间地风沙土φ1值最高,垄顶的平均粒径最大。北部风沙土分选性差,绝大多数为极正偏分布,峰态很窄。中部、南部风沙土分选性中等和较好,呈窄峰态和近对称的分布形式。沙漠腹地风沙土全盐含量均较低,pH值适中,二者和沙垄固定程度成一定的正相关。风沙土中有机质、N、P、K等营养物质含量较低。相比之下北部风沙土全K和有机质含量高于中、南部,而植被茂盛的垄间地和垄坡有机质和全N含量一般高于固定、半固定垄顶。局地气象条件、微地形地貌以及植被状况的差异是引起沙漠风沙土上述理化性状空间分异的重要因素。