锡林郭勒积雪日数时空分布规律研究

利用1971-2015年锡林郭勒地区15个气象观测站近45 a的逐日积雪日数资料,采用滑动T检验、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析和EOF方法对研究区的积雪日数时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：研究期内积雪日数在1996年发生了一次由多到少的突变,且日数变化存在7 a的主周期和11 a、22 a的副周期。积雪月际变化呈单峰型的分布特征,多雪期主要集中在12~2月,少雪期分布在10月份和4月份;研究区空间分布差异性显著,总体呈东多西少、南多北少的分布格局,区内大部地区属于稳定积雪区。对积雪日数及其影响因子进行聚类分析,将研究区划分为4种类型,分别为降雪量偏少-积雪日数偏高区、降雪量-积雪日数一致偏高区、降雪量-积雪日数中值区、降雪量-积雪日数一致偏少区。该区有3种异常分布型：第一模态为全区一致偏多（少）型;第二模态为北多（少）南少（多）型;第三模态为中西部多（少）,东南部少（多）型。     

Trends in the Different Grades of Precipitation over South China during 1960–2010 and the Possible Link with Anthropogenic Aerosols简

Using observed daily precipitation data to classify five levels of rainy days by strength in South China （SC）,with an emphasis on the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region,the spatiotemporal variation of different grades of precipitation during the period 1960-2010 was analyzed and the possible link with anthropogenic aerosols examined.Statistical analysis showed that drizzle and small precipitation has significantly decreased,whereas medium to heavy precipitation has increased slightly over the past 50 years （although not statistically significant）.Further data analysis suggested that the decline in drizzle and small precipitation probably has a strong link to increased concentrations of anthropogenic aerosols produced by large-scale human activities related to the rapid socioeconomic development of the PRD region.These aerosols may also have led to the obvious decreasing trend in horizontal visibility and sunshine duration in SC,which is statistically significant according to the t-test.     

中国大陆1960～2012年持续干旱日数的时空变化特征

采用1960~2012年508个地面观测站逐日降水量资料,分析了中国大陆近53 a四季持续干旱日数变化趋势。结果表明：近53 a来我国大陆春季和冬季持续干旱日数呈明显下降趋势,其中冬季气候倾向率为-0.7 d/10 a,夏季变化趋势比较平稳,秋季呈明显上升趋势。空间变化上持续干旱日数气候倾向率春季在-0.41~0.41 d/10 a之间,大部分地区呈减少趋势;夏季持续干旱日数气候倾向率508个测站中有59%的测站为减少趋势,41%为增加趋势;秋季大部分地区气候倾向率呈增加趋势,统计有302个测站呈上升趋势,占中国大陆总测站数的69%;冬季持续干旱日数气候倾向率在-0.62~0.44 d/10 a之间,统计508个测站中有66%的测站为减少趋势,34%为增加趋势。     

重庆地区人体舒适度日数时空变化特征

利用1981-2010年重庆地区34个地面气象站资料日值数据集,基于人体舒适度指数模型和气候影响评价标准,综合采用线性回归、M－K突变、小波理论和EOF分析等方法分析人体舒适度日数时空分布特征。结果表明：重庆地区年平均人体舒适日数为199 d,主要舒适季节为春、秋季,占全年的71 %;人体舒适日数年际变化较大,总体呈上升趋势,存在4 a、7-8 a的周期振荡,其中热不舒适日数呈上升趋势,冷不舒适日数呈下降趋势;年平均人体舒适日数和热不舒适日数空间分布渝西南及渝东北日数较其他地区偏多,且存在季节性差异,而人体冷不舒适日数则相反。     

MULTI-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS STUDY ON THE FREQUENCY OF FOGGY DAYS OCCURRING IN NANJING IN DECEMBER 2007

Based on the number of foggy days in Nanjing in December from 1980 to 2011, we analyzed the surface temperature and atmospheric circulation characteristics of foggy years and less-foggy years. Positive anomalies of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) were found to weaken the East Asian trough, which is not conducive to the southward migration of cold air. Simultaneously, this atmospheric condition favors stability as a result of a high-pressure anomaly from the middle Yangtze River Delta region. A portion of La Ni?a events increases the amount of water vapor in the South China Sea region, so this phenomenon could provide the water vapor condition required for foggy days in Nanjing. Based on the data in December 2007, which contained the greatest number of foggy days for the years studied, the source of fog vapor in Nanjing was primarily from southern China and southwest Taiwan Island based on a synoptic scale study. The water vapor in southern China and in the southwestern flow increased, and after a period of 2-3 days, the humidity in Nanjing increased. Simultaneously, the water vapor from the southwestern of Taiwan Island was directly transported to Nanjing by the southerly wind. Therefore, these two areas are the most important sources of water vapor that results in heavy fog in Nanjing. Using the bivariate Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) mode on the surface temperature and precipitable water vapor, the first mode was found to reflect the seasonal variation from early winter to late winter, which reduced the surface temperature on a large scale. The second mode was found to reflect a large-scale, northward, warm and humid airflow that was accompanied by the enhancement of the subtropical high, particularly between December 15-21, which is primarily responsible for the consecutive foggy days in Nanjing.     

贵州不同等级降水日数气候特征及其与降水量的关系

利用1963 2011年贵州81个测站逐日降水资料,分析了近49年贵州不同等级降水日数的气候特征,探讨了不同等级降水日数在降水变化中的作用。结果表明,随着降水等级的上升,对应该等级的雨日迅速减少;贵州总雨日及小雨日呈西多东少的分布,而中雨日、大雨日及暴雨日则呈南多北少分布;近49年贵州总雨日、小雨日、中雨日、大雨日整体上都呈减少趋势,而暴雨日却呈一定的增加趋势;小雨日与总雨日都是在20世纪80年代初期之后逐步减少,21世纪初期之后降幅更加明显,而中雨日在20世纪60 80年代初多波动,在21世纪初后迅速下降,大雨日和暴雨日均经历了两次较明显的波动;随着降水等级的上升,雨日与降水量的相关系数迅速增大,小雨日与降水量的相关性最差,暴雨日与降水量的相关性最好;降水偏多年各个等级的降水日数明显偏多,小雨日、中雨日及大雨日变化较为显著,暴雨日变化不显著,降水偏少年各个等级雨日则明显减少,中雨日变化最为显著,其次为大雨日、暴雨日,小雨日变化不显著,因此,贵州地区总降水量增加主要是由于小雨日、中雨日、大雨日的增加引起的,降水量减少则主要是由于中雨日、大雨日及暴雨日的减少引起的,比较各个等级的降水日数,无论是在降水偏多年还是偏少年,中雨日和大雨日的变化都较显著。     

Statistical guidance on seasonal forecast of Korean dust days over South Korea in the springtime

This study aimed to develop the seasonal forecast models of Korean dust days over South Korea in the springtime. Forecast mode was a ternary forecast (below normal, normal, above normal) which was classified based on the mean and the standard deviation of Korean dust days for a period of 30 years (1981-2010). In this study, we used three kinds of monthly data: the Korean dust days observed in South Korea, the National Center for Environmental Prediction in National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data for meteorological factors over source regions of Asian dust, and the large-scale climate indices offered from the Climate Diagnostic Center and Climate Prediction Center in NOAA. Forecast guidance consisted of two components; ordinal logistic regression model to generate trinomial distributions, and conversion algorithm to generate ternary forecast by two thresholds. Forecast guidance was proposed for each month separately and its predictability was evaluated based on skill scores.     

Opposing Trends of Winter Cold Extremes over Eastern Eurasia and North America under Recent Arctic Warming

Under recent Arctic warming, boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America, bringing about serious social and economic impacts. Here, we investigated the changes in daily surface air temperature (SAT) variability during the rapid Arctic warming period of 1988/89–2015/16, and found the daily SAT variance, mainly contributed by the sub-seasonal component, shows an increasing and decreasing trend over eastern Eurasia and North America, respectively. Increasing cold extremes (defined as days with daily SAT anomalies below 1.5 standard deviations) dominated the increase of the daily SAT variability over eastern Eurasia, while decreasing cold extremes dominated the decrease of the daily SAT variability over North America. The circulation regime of cold extremes over eastern Eurasia (North America) is characterized by an enhanced high-pressure ridge over the Urals (Alaska) and surface Siberian (Canadian) high. The data analyses and model simulations show the recent strengthening of the high-pressure ridge over the Urals was associated with warming of the Barents–Kara seas in the Arctic region, while the high-pressure ridge over Alaska was influenced by the offset effect of Arctic warming over the East Siberian–Chukchi seas and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)–like sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Pacific. The transition of the PDO-like SST anomalies from a positive to negative phase cancelled the impact of Arctic warming, reduced the occurrence of extreme cold days, and possibly resulted in the decreasing trend of daily SAT variability in North America. The multi-ensemble simulations of climate models confirmed the regional Arctic warming as the driver of the increasing SAT variance over eastern Eurasia and North America and the overwhelming effect of SST forcing on the decreasing SAT variance over North America. Therefore, the regional response of winter cold extremes at midlatitudes to the Arctic warming could be different due to the distinct impact of decadal SST anomalies.     

2001—2020年三江源地区积雪日数变化及地形分异

基于积雪面积逐日无云遥感产品和气象观测资料,分析了2001—2020年三江源地区积雪日数的水平、垂直分布特征及变化规律,并对积雪日数与气温和降水量进行了相关分析。结果表明：（1） 2001—2020年三江源地区积雪日数呈西高东低,高海拔山脉大于盆地平原的分布格局,高海拔山脉地区积雪日数均值普遍大于200 d,85.48%的区域积雪日数呈波动增加趋势,显著增加区域占比为16.59%,平均增加速率为0.98 d·a^-1。（2） 积雪日数及其变化趋势存在明显的海拔和坡向分异,积雪日数随海拔上升呈指数型增加,较低海拔（<3.0 km）区域积雪日数少、呈减少趋势且减少速率随海拔高度上升而加快;高海拔区域积雪日数较多且呈增多趋势,但海拔大于4.4 km后积雪日数增多速率随海拔上升而减缓,且5.5~6.0 km地区积雪日数呈减少趋势,高海拔地区积雪日数存在一定程度的“海拔依赖性”。积雪日数北坡大于南坡、西坡大于东坡,西北坡积雪日数最多,为78.30 d,不同坡向的积雪日数均呈增多趋势,其中西坡的增多速率最快,达1.04 d·a^-1。（3） 近20 a三江源地区明显的“暖湿化”气候特征是影响积雪日数变化的主要原因,其中降水量是主要驱动因素,积雪日数增多与降水量增加密切相关,且高海拔地区积雪日数对降水量的依赖性更强。     

1954—2004年珠江三角洲大气能见度变化趋势

利用珠江三角洲5个城市气象观测站 (广州、深圳、台山、惠州、高要) 的长期能见度观测资料, 采用累积百分率、Ridit分析法和烟幕/霾日频率3种统计分析方法, 分析了1954—2004年珠江三角洲能见度变化趋势, 初步探讨了珠江三角洲大气环境的变化特征及其可能原因。结果表明:近50年来, 珠江三角洲城市能见度呈显著下降趋势。能见度的下降起始于20世纪70年代初, 并在经济高速发展的80—90年代初进一步恶化, 90年代中期之后虽然能见度变化趋于平缓, 但能见度下降的趋势仍未从根本上改变。珠江三角洲能见度与当地的人口增加和经济发展程度有密切的关系, 同时污染物的区域输送对西部下风向城市能见度也有很大影响。珠江三角洲能见度未得到有效改善的主要原因, 很可能是由于细粒子污染, 尤其是二次粒子前体物如SO₂和NO_X等的排放未得到有效控制。