黄土高原春季干旱时空分异特征

采用基于相对湿润度的干旱指数分析方法和黄土高原1961 2010年气候要素资料,研究了黄土高原春季干旱时空变化、异常分布和次区域演变特征。结果表明:1961 2010年黄土高原春季干旱强度变化呈现明显中心区域强、周边区域弱的分布特征,其中中部腹地干旱强度增加趋势倾向率最大,中部周边干旱强度增加次之,东北部和西部边缘呈减弱趋势。研究区不同区域春季干旱强度呈同位相变化是干旱变化的首要空间分布模态,异常中心区域在陕北、陇东及宁夏西南部。东西部反相位分布模态反映了黄土高原东西部所受大气系统影响差异性的特征。根据载荷向量不同模态空间异常分布型,可将春季干旱划分为西北部型、东北部型和南部型等3个次区域异常型,南部春季干旱强度时间序列呈显著增强趋势,其由弱变强的突变点出现在1977年,西北部和东北部干旱强度也呈波动增强趋势,但未通过显著性检验,没有突变。西北部和南部春季干旱指数存在显著的3~4年振荡周期,东北部存在显著的5~6年振荡周期。     

Characteristics of carbonyl compounds in ambient air of Shanghai,China

The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of 19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m⁻³ respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in Shanghai was even worse than expected.     

A New Scheme for Predicting Leaf Onset in Summer-Green Vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere

A modified thermal time model(MTM) was developed to reproduce the leaf onset for summer-green vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere. The model adopts the basic concept of a thermal time model(TM) in that leaf onset is primarily triggered by growing degree days(GDD). Based on global phenology data derived from satellite observations, a new parameterization for the critical model parameter Tb(i.e., baseline temperature for GDD calculation) has been introduced, and the spatial distribution of Tb was calculated. Simulations of leaf onset during 1982–2000 in the range 30–90°N showed a significant improvement of MTM over the standard TM model with constant Tb. The mean error and mean absolute error of the climatological simulation were 1.11 and 6.8 days, respectively, and 90% of the model error(5th and 95 th percentiles) was between-12.4 and 13.7 days.     

祁连山区黑河流域季节冻土时空变化研究

季节冻土的时空变化对地—气水热交换、地表能量平衡、地表水文过程、生态系统及碳循环等有着非常重要的影响.利用黑河流域11个气象站40多年的气温数据和5 cm深度处的土壤温度数据,建立了月平均气温与土壤冻结天数之间的关系.同时应用月平均气温与冻结天数的相关关系和5 km网格化月平均气温及30 m分辨率的DEM数据,编制了黑河流域逐月季节冻土分布图,并按其空间分布特征,将逐月地表冻融状态划分为:完全冻结、不完全冻结和不冻结3种.系统研究了黑河流域2000-2009年逐月季节冻土分布及冻结概率的时空变化特征.在季节分配上,黑河流域完全冻结面积最大值出现在1月;不完全冻结面积最大值在11月;而不冻结面积最大值在6月和7月.在年际变化上,完全冻结状态的离差值在冷季变化大,暖季变化小;不完全冻结状态在一年的回暖期和降温初期,年际变化较大;不冻结状态分别在4月和10月变化较大.冻结概率在1月达到最大值,6月和7月降低到最小值.在空间分布上,黑河流域季节冻土的逐月分布与变化和冻结概率主要受海拔高度控制,纬度的影响次之.     

1960—2017年河西地区降水时空变化特征

利用1960—2017年日降水量资料,采用线性倾向趋势分析、滑动分析和泰森多边形法等,对河西地区多年降水时空变化特征及不同量级降水日数及降水强度的变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明:河西地区年均降水量为99.0 mm,呈现明显的逐年上升趋势,平均倾向率为8.72 mm?(10a)-1,月降水量为单峰分布,5—10月夏秋汛期降...     

新疆小热泉子铜矿物探异常特征及找矿效果

通过在小热泉子矿床开展高精度重力、激发极化面积性测量和高密度相位激电测深,对其物探异常特征进行分析解释,推断异常性质.经钻探工程验证,发现矿体与中高剩余重力、高极化率、中低电阻和高(负值)视相位异常对应较好.     

1961-2005年华东地区高温气候特征

Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961-2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days (HTDs) and the mean daily maximum temperature (MDMT) during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied. The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃ in the past 45 years. Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time, oscillating with a cycle of about 12-15 years. The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part, but less in the northern part of East China. The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China. The high temperature process (HTP) was more in the southwestern part, but less in northeastern part of East China. Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July, and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July. In the first 5 years of the 21st century, the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations, both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October, the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest.     

1967—2016年黄河上游河曲地区降水变化特征研究

利用1967~2016年黄河上游河曲地区的5个气象站观测气象站的逐日地面降水和气温资料,利用气候变化趋势分析、距平、Mann-kendall 时间序列突变及趋势检验方法分析了该地区气温变化特征、不同类型各等级降水量及降水日数的气候特征。结果表明：(1)近50年黄河上游河曲地区年均气温以0.459℃/10a趋势显著上升,上升速度低于全国其它地区,且在2002年气温发生突变后升温加剧;(2)年降水量和降水日数呈减少趋势,主要是由夏季小雨量和小雨日数的减少引起;(3)在2002年气温突增后,强降水对总降水量贡献率增加,且年降水量和降水日数波动幅度也明显增大,这可能预示该地区洪涝灾害的风险在增加。降水日数的贡献率增加,增加明显的是中雨日数和小雨日数,分别增加了1.1%和1.7%。     

1961~2019年贵阳冬季凝冻时空特征与异常成因

利用1961~2019年贵阳8个地面观测站冬季（12月~次年2月）雨凇观测资料和北半球500hPa高度场、全球气温场及欧亚水平风场资料,通过EOF、M-K、小波及合成分析方法,对贵阳冬季凝冻日数的时空特征及其与北半球500hPa高度场、全球海温场及欧亚水平风场的关系进行了探讨。结果表明：近59年贵阳市冬季及各月平均凝冻日数为10.7d,由西南部向东北部逐渐增多,开阳东北部凝冻日数达到20d以上;凝冻日数变化趋势具有高度一致性,12月与冬季凝冻日数变化为显著正相关,突变多发于20世纪70~80年代末,在1980~1990年及2005~2015年出现4a的显著周期变化;强凝冻年500hPa高度距平合成场欧亚大陆的位势高度呈现“北高南低”分布,强弱年差值距平场欧亚大陆中高纬地区表现为“北正南负”,北半球高纬度地区格陵兰、北美及乌拉尔山-西伯利亚一带为正距平;强凝冻年赤道中东太平洋秋季海温距平为负,引起纬向环流加强,水汽交换增加;高层辐散低层辐合以及偏北强风带南下低空冷锋生成,利于西南水汽输送到云贵高原东北部与北方的冷空气交汇,为凝冻产生创造了条件。     

南海海底地震仪异常数据的分析和处理

海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer, OBS)数据处理至关重要,是获取深部地壳结构的基础与前提.2006年实施OBS2006-2测线时,有2台OBS(OBS03,OBS06)数据出现异常,无法使用.由于海上航次花费巨大,采集到的数据弥足珍贵.本文采用数据格式检查、邻近台站对比分析、重采样等方法,成功地对这2台OBS数据进行了解编处理,得到了这两个台站的综合地震记录剖面;利用上述方法对2011年实施的OBS973-3测线中的异常台站OBS03进行了分析处理,同样得到了OBS03台站的综合地震剖面;通过查看两次海上实验班报发现,OBS2006-2测线之OBS06与OBS973-3测线之OBS03内部Sedis编号相同,为同一台记录仪器,再一次验证上述处理方法正确可行;然后对OBS2006-2测线2个台站进行震相识别与走时拾取后,利用前人纵波速度模型开展了射线追踪与走时模拟.此次对异常OBS数据的重新处理工作,不仅为OBS探测提供了宝贵的数据处理经验,而且将提高OBS2006-2测线地壳结构的可靠性和约束性,具有重要的研究意义.