2000~2010年陕北地区植被NDVI时空变化及其与区域气候的关系

采用相关关系分析、空间统计分析和叠置分析,研究陕北地区2000~2010年植被NDVI的时空变化特征,并从温度和降水2个方面分析植被NDVI变化与区域气候的关系。研究表明,该地区植被NDVI经历了从相对快速增长到小幅波动,再到平稳增长3个阶段。其中,陕北中东部区域植被覆盖增加显著,北部变化不大,南部略微下降。同期该区域气候干热化趋势有所改善,植被覆盖变化与区域气候相关性不高,气候对植被覆盖的影响主要表现为对植被生长期年内韵律的控制方面。     

1999-2010年陕甘宁黄土高原区荒漠化空间特征

荒漠化是中国当前面临的主要生态环境问题之一。本文以长时间序列的遥感数据NDVI为基础,关注其年际动态变化特征,选取植被降水利用率作为评价指标,利用时间序列分析方法和残差法,评价陕甘宁地区1999-2010年的荒漠化发展态势以及人类活动在土地退化中所起的作用,并初步讨论荒漠化逆转问题。结果表明：近12年,陕甘宁地区大部分地区植被功能显著增强,生态环境状况趋于好转,尤其在研究区域的中部以及黄河沿岸生态环境趋于好转较明显,只有极少数地区出现退化现象。陕甘宁地区植被生态功能适宜年降水量在300~500 mm区间,当年降水量大于500 mm时,植被功能恢复能力会出现衰退趋势。在研究区,人类活动主要表现为正作用,只有1.65%表现为负作用较少,且为不显著负作用,分布零散。干旱区、半干旱区荒漠界线不稳定,容易造成荒漠化逆转的假象,误导人们对荒漠化逆转评价。因此,判断荒漠化逆转问题要在特定的时空尺度上,同时要结合当年的气候以及人类活动的因素影响进行分析。     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of forest net primary production in China over the past two decades

Forest ecosystems play an important role in global carbon cycle regulation. Clarifying the dynamics and mechanism of carbon sink is of both scientific and political importance. In this paper, we have investigated the spatiotemporal change of forest net primary production (NPP) in China for recent two decades based on the geographically weighted regression (GWR) with a cumulative remote sensing index, the maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI_max). GWR is a recently developed regression method with special emphasis on spatial non-stationarity. Outputs of forest NPP at three different stages was generated by the GWR model with NDVI_max for the 1980s, early and late 1990s which were consequently analyzed. Our results indicated a wave-like pattern of change in forest NPP in the three stages with a trough-like depression for the early 1990s. The average forest NPP increased by about 0.72% from the 1980s to the late 1990s. A continuously increasing trend at a pace of 0.07% and 0.22% yr^− 1 was observed in the tropical and subtropical zones from the 1980s to late 1990s respectively, while a continuously decreasing trend (− 0.05% yr^− 1) was noted for the temperate zone. From forest type perspective, only the deciduous broadleaf forests exhibited a continuously decreasing trend of 0.18% yr^− 1. The complex spatiotemporal patterns revealed by this study suggest the need for further research in this direction in order to build in-depth insights into the revealed complexities.     

利用NDVI时间序列数据分析植被长势对气候因子的响应

本文利用1982～2000年旬合成NDVI时间序列数据,计算2000年3月和5月各旬NDVI偏离历年均值及时间序列NDVI的标准差,进而确定不同土地覆盖类型的Z值在空间域内正态分布特征参数,利用概率密度函数方法将Z值归一化,得到植被长势评价指标标准植被指数(SVI),利用SVI分析2000年3月和5月上旬植被生长状况,在此基础上,利用10个气象站观测的降水量和平均气温资料,分析了各个气象站点19年时间序列的SVI和VCI与降水量和平均气温之间的相关程度,结果表明：(1)在华北平原大部分冬小麦耕作区,3月份小麦生长较好,到5月份,生长与历年相比较差;从3月上旬到5月下旬,生长不良的植被面积有扩张趋势;(2)SVI与植被状态指数(VCI),表明SVI与VCI之间相关显著,SVI作为植被生长状况评价指标是有效的;(3)SVI和VCI与降水量和气温之间尽管表现出一定的相关性,但相关程度都不很显著,表明植被长势是由多因素共同作用的结果,在不同地区、不同时期以及不同植被覆盖条件下,植被长势所受主要控制因子存在很大的差别;(4)在森林覆盖类型区,3月份的植被长势与该月份之前总降水量存在的关系更显著,而与当月降水和当月平均气温关系并不明显,到5月上旬,由于森林覆盖条件下植被绿度达到饱和,引起建立在光谱植被指数基础上的长势评价指标对气温和降水均不敏感;(5)自然植被条件下的灌丛、草原和草甸覆盖区,相对于降水量,植被长势对气温变化的响应更敏感;(6）农作物覆盖条件下,SVI与降水和气温的关系都不明显,而VCI在不同的季节所受影响的主要气候因子不同,3月份,气温成为作物生长的主要限制因子,而到5月份,水分条件成为作物生长的主要限制条件,特别是在华北平原的冬小麦耕种区;(7)利用时间序列NDVI数据在时间域内构建的指标,进行干旱监测存在明显局限性,因为指标对降水量的敏感性在不同季节不同;(8)VCI和SVI与降水和气温的相关分析说明VCI对气候环境的变化更敏感。     

Effects of rural–urban migration on vegetation greenness in fragile areas: A case study of Inner Mongolia in China

Different government departments and researchers have paid considerable attention at various levels to improving the eco-environment in ecologically fragile areas. Over the past decade, large numbers of people have emigrated from rural areas as a result of the rapid urbanization in Chinese society. The question then remains: to what extent does this migration affect the regional vegetation greenness in the areas that people have moved from? Based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data with a resolution of 1 km, as well as meteorological data and socio-economic data from 2000 to 2010 in Inner Mongolia, the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation greenness in the study area was analyzed via trend analysis and significance test methods. The contributions of human activities and natural factors to the variation of vegetation conditions during this period were also quantitatively tested and verified, using a multi-regression analysis method. We found that: (1) the vegetation greenness of the study area increased by 10.1% during 2000-2010. More than 28% of the vegetation greenness increased significantly, and only about 2% decreased evidently during the study period. (2) The area with significant degradation showed a banded distribution at the northern edge of the agro-pastoral ecotone in central Inner Mongolia. This indicates that the eco-environment is still fragile in this area, which should be paid close attention. The area where vegetation greenness significantly improved showed a concentrated distribution in the southeast and west of Inner Mongolia. (3) The effect of agricultural labor on vegetation greenness exceeded those due to natural factors (i.e. precipitation and temperature). The emigration of agricultural labor improved the regional vegetation greenness significantly.     

科尔沁沙地不同沙地景观区植被指数对水热因素响应

在全球气候变化背景下,不同尺度下植物对环境条件的响应机制是生态学研究的核心。为了更好理解不同沙地景观区域植被指数(NDVI)对气象水热环境因子的响应机制,以2000-2013年7-9月MODIS遥感影像为数据源,采用3S空间分析技术和通径分析方法,对科尔沁沙地围封保护区、人工造林固沙区和流动沙丘区等3种景观类型区NDVI的变化趋势和影响其变化的同期气象水热因子年降水、关键期降水、关键期最大一次性降水、重要期降水、年均温、关键期均温、关键期最高气温、关键期最低气温等8个因素进行了分析。结果表明:不同景观类型区NDVI整体上呈现增长的态势。降水的影响明显高于气温,且降水主要起正相关作用,气温主要起负相关作用。促进沙地围封保护景观区NDVI增长的气象因子是关键期降水,决策系数最大且为正(0.445);人工造林固沙景观区受到人工造林更新和农业开垦的影响,削弱了水热条件对NDVI的影响,相比较而言,重要期降水影响较大;流动沙丘景观类型区主要受到关键期气温极值的影响,其他因子影响不显著。     

基于SSA-Mann Kendall的草原露天矿区NDVI时间序列分析

针对煤矿区植被指数时间序列研究中,存在年际尺度上对植被动态规律刻画不全面、月际尺度上因物候性周期波动导致变化趋势和周期振荡信号微弱难以提取、基于变换的变化检测物理意义不够明确的问题,本文以胜利露天矿区为例,在月际尺度,基于SSA-Mann Kendall重建草原露天矿区的采矿扰动区和伪不变特征区MODIS NDVI时间序列的趋势和周期振荡信号,从显著程度和突变时间2方面对趋势成分进行定量化分析,并结合各特征区周期振荡演变特征揭示采矿扰动下草原露天矿区植被生长的动态规律。结果表明：SSA-Mann Kendall能将NDVI时间序列的微弱信号充分放大,便于提取,并可对趋势成分进行定量化表达,结合周期振荡与趋势成分的演变特征有助于辅助识别矿区植被生长的动态特点;伪不变特征区植被无显著下降趋势,采矿扰动区下降趋势显著,且露天采场较排土场的趋势更为明显,草原露天矿区地表植被损伤具有突发性,突变点多发于矿井开工建设时;扰动形式差异导致部分矿井露天采场和排土场周期振荡演变特征存在差异,露天采场植被消失殆尽,排土场因植被恢复措施而具有更复杂的动态特点。     

Variation in vegetation greenness in spring across eastern China during 1982-2006

Vegetation greenness is a key indicator of terrestrial vegetation activity. To understand the variation in vegetation activity in spring across eastern China (EC), we analysed the variation in the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April to May during 1982-2006. The regional mean NDVI across EC increased at the rate of 0.02/10yr (r²=0.28; p=0.024) prior to 1998; the increase ceased, and the NDVI dropped to a low level thereafter. However, the processes of variation in the NDVI were different from one region to another. In the North China Plain, a cultivated area, the NDVI increased (0.03/10yr; r²=0.52; p<0.001) from 1982 to 2006. In contrast, the NDVI decreased (-0.02/10yr; r²=0.24; p=0.014) consecutively from 1982 to 2006 in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas, two regions of rapid urbanisation. In the eastern region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and decreased thereafter. In the Hulun Buir area and the southern part of the Yangtze River Basin, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and remained static thereafter. The NDVI in the grasslands and croplands in the semi-humid and semi-arid areas showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the NDVI in the woodlands in the humid to semi-humid areas showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. As much as 60% of the variation in the NDVI was explained by either precipitation or temperature.     

基于多源遥感数据的辽宁地表温度反演及空间分布研究

以辽宁地表温度为研究对象,采用普适性单通道算法,利用FY-3A/MERSI数据,并结合MODIS 1000 m分辨率数据,反演了2009年和2010年4-9月间10个时次晴空或局部晴空时的地表温度。结果表明：计算验证了模型的反演精度与同期NASA所发布MODIS地表温度产品的精度相当,其结果与相应的56个气象站点的实际观测数据相一致。多源遥感数据的综合应用,可获得较合理的地表温度反演结果;不同土地覆盖类型间地表温度的高低在相同时间内存在显著差异;研究期内,林地、水田、旱地和建设用地的NDVI与地表温度具有负相关性。综合利用遥感、地理信息系统技术,可以表征地表温度与土地利用类型以及地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间的关系。     

Following the Afar: Using remote tracking systems to analyze pastoralists' trekking routes

For nomadic pastoralists in arid environments, judicious migration of the herds is the principle strategy for short term survival and long term sustainability. Yet, this efficient mechanism is increasingly challenged by mounting population pressure, appropriation of land and restricted transboundary movements. Lack of information on trekking patterns and grazing areas makes it difficult for government authorities to protect the migration routes. Data are so scarce because the object of measurement is moving in directions no outsider can predict. Consequently, data collection is costly and laborious. The present study suggests the use of satellite telemetry to trace trekking routes in a near real-time mode that can operate without the presence of external observers on the ground. We report on a pilot that tests a remote tracking technique to locate the routing of a nomadic pastoralist during the dry spell, in the Afar region of Ethiopia. From a movement analysis we infer trekking routes and grazing areas as well as the spatial and temporal correlation between the vegetation cover index NDVI, and the visits by the herd. Our first results seem encouraging in that our data collection method can produce unique information relatively quickly and at low cost.