珠江河口底边界层湍流特征量研究

通过高频流速仪ADV和脉冲相干声学多普勒剖面仪PC-ADP对珠江河口崖门底边界层进行了三个测次潮内(25 h)顶点连续观测,利用观测数据计算分析了潮流底边界层内的湍流特征量及其时空变化.结果表明:1)对于半日潮流占优的河口,各湍流特征量均具有明显的四分之一周日的变化规律;2)湍流强度、床底应力和摩阻流速在潮内的平均值以位于河口湾的测点所测值最大,依次向上游递减,而湍动能耗散率则沿河口湾至上游逐渐增大;3)三个测次边界层内涡动粘滞系数的平均值分别为2.42×10 -3 m 2/s、2.20×10 -4m 2/s和6.16×10 -4 m 2/s,拖曳系数的均值为7.89×10 -3、1.63×10 -3和1.99×10 -2,两者潮内的变化均非常显著,相差可达一到两个数量级;4)在充分混合的潮流底边界层内,湍动能生成与耗散基本处于局部平衡状态,三个测次湍动能耗散率均值在8.89×10 -5 W/kg～7.43×10 -6 W/kg之间.     

Experimental investigation of the impacts of coherent flow structures upon turbulence properties in regions of crescentic scour

This study examines the spatial distributions of third‐order moments of velocity fluctuations, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) fluxes, and the conditional statistics of Reynolds shear stress across the equilibrium crescentic scour structures generated upstream of short horizontal static cylinders. Detailed velocity data were collected using three‐dimensional (3D) micro‐acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) across and within the equilibrium scour marks. The analysis reveals that the positive and negative values of third‐order moments associated with the level bed surface and the scour holes are directly related to coherent structures. The components of TKE flux are discussed for the near‐bed region of the level bed surface and scour holes in relation to sweep–ejection events. A cumulant‐discard method is applied to the Gram‐Charlier probability distribution of two variables to describe the statistical properties of the term u′w′. The conditional statistics of the Reynolds shear stress show a good agreement with the experimental data. The distribution of the joint probability density function in the near‐bed region changes cyclically along the scour hole depending on the bottom fluid velocity, which implies a change from upward to downward flux of momentum and vice versa. Both the ejection and sweep events at near‐bed points on the level surface are more important than within the scour region; and in contrast, both events are stronger for the scour marks than the level bed surface at the outer layer. Sweeps dominate over ejections for the scour hole induced by smaller diameter and ejections dominate for larger diameter. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河口底边界层湍流观测后处理技术方法分析

河口底边界层过程是河口海岸研究与工程应用中的重要内容。三维点式高频流速仪(ADV)已经成为湍流现场观测的最有效的工具之一,然而受测量状态、复杂的波流环境、底床几何结构等因素的影响,湍流观测的后处理目前还不成熟。在前人工作的基础上,提出了河口底边界层湍流观测后处理的综合技术方法,包括测量状态判断、数据质量检测、坐标系旋转、去除毛刺及滤波,探讨了这些处理方法中的某些步骤及处理顺序对湍流参数估算可能产生的影响,提出了综合后处理技术的准确性评估方法。该研究对于近岸海洋湍流混合、泥沙输运等重要问题的解决可以提供较为扎实的技术支持。     

Using ADV backscatter strength for measuring suspended cohesive sediment concentration

Laboratory experiments were conducted at two institutes to reveal the relationship between acoustic backscatter strength and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). In total, three acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADVs) with different frequencies (5, 10 and 16 MHz) were tested. Two different commercial clays and one natural sediment from Clay Bank site in the York River were checked for acoustic responses. The SSCs of selected sediments were artificially changed between a selected low and a high value in tap or de-ion water. Each ADV showed quite different backscatter responses depending on the sediment type and SSC. Not all devices had a good linear relationship between backscatter strength and SSC. Within a limited range of SSC, however, the backscatter strength can be well correlated with the SSC. Compared with optical backscattering sensor (OBS), the fluctuation of ADV backscatter signals was too noisy to be directly converted to the instantaneous changes of SSC due to high amplification ratio and small sampling volume. For the more accurate signal conversion for finding the fluctuation of SSC, the ensemble average should be applied to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. There are unexpected responses for the averaged backscatter wave strength: (1) high signals from small particles but low signals from large particles; and (2) two linear segments in calibration slope. These phenomena would be most likely caused by the different gain setting built in ADVs. The different acoustic responses to flocculation might also contribute somewhat if flocs are tightly packed. This study suggests that an ADV could be a useful instrument to estimate suspended cohesive sediment concentration and its fluctuation if the above concerns are clarified.     

高频声学仪器底床高度野外测量及室内验证

河口海岸地区底床的冲淤变化是沉积动力学研究主要内容之一,而野外观测是准确获得现场底床冲淤变化信息的关键。本文利用观测近底边界层三维水动力信息的声学三维多普勒流速仪（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry,ADV）对长江口南槽底床高度变化进行了野外测量,为验证野外现场实测数据的可靠性,设计了2个室内试验,并对ADV测量底床高度的可行性进行了验证：试验一对比了人工测量的ADV换能器实际距离底床高度H与ADV自身记录的其换能器距离底床高度h,确定了ADV测量底床高度的范围;试验二利用ADV测量静置的高浊度水体,确定了含沙量对ADV测量造成影响。试验结果表明：①由ADV内部存储的vhd数据文件可以直接获取换能器距离底床的高度,但是这一测量结果存在适用范围,换能器实际距离底床高度H需要满足150 mm≤H≤370 mm;②当换能器实际距离底床高度H <150 mm时,可通过提取pck数据文件获取换能器距离底床的高度;③当换能器实际距离底床高度H>370 mm时,仪器无法获取该数值;④当水体含沙量超过14.36 kg/m³时,ADV测量同样无法获取到换能器距离底床高度信息。