IS影像3维扫描全站仪在矿山开采中的应用

介绍了基于拓普康IS影像3维扫描全站仪获取的点云数据,构造不规则三角网（TIN）计算土石方的功能和特点,并对该系统在齐齐哈尔市碾子山区东海采石场的应用情况进行了详细地介绍和分析。实际应用表明,影像全自动扫描全站仪在矿山开采中具有操作流程更简单,系统效率高,作业时间短,测量结果精度高等特点。     

Seasonally Hypersaline Estuaries in Mediterranean-climate Regions

Data collected in three Californian estuaries indicate that hypersaline conditions exist during the dry summers typical of a Mediterranean climate. The generalised seasonal and longitudinal hydrographic structures are described and explained. It is argued that this seasonal hypersalinity is common and that it represents a major class of estuaries. The observed accumulation of salt indicates surprisingly long residence times in small basins which have free exchange with the ocean. This semi-isolation of the inner basin leads to a large build-up or severe depletion of nutrients, pollutants and plankton in these systems. Of concern are the trends to increase pollutant loading in the same systems that are experiencing an increase in residence times owing to freshwater extraction in the watershed.     

Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals and O₃ with the C₇-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH₂=CHC(=CH₂)CH₂CH₂CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH₂=CHC(CH₃)=CHCH₂CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10^–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10^–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10^–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10^–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10^–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10^–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10^–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10^–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO₃ radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.     

相对位移反分析的DFP优化方法及其工程应用

洞室围岩的某些参数,如弹性模量、强度参数等,对地下洞室的施工和设计具有极其重要的作用,直接进行这些参数的现场测量势必要耗费大量的物资和精力,在这种背景下,位移反分析的工程应用具有很重要的理论和实用价值。但洞室工程中大量不确定性因素的存在使得监测结果不可避免地存在随机性,有时会使得变形监测结果产生较大的误差,甚至失真。因此以监测结果的绝对值所反演得到的参数可能是错误的。在这种情况下,以监测数据的相对值进行参数反演在一定程度上可以消除测量误差。基于相对位移的随机反分析法并结合DFP优化算法开发了基于相对位移的随机反分析法,将其应用于一具体洞室工程中反演其弹性模量取得了较为理想的效果。     

General elastic analysis of piles and pile groups

This paper describes the development of a boundary element analysis for the behaviour of single piles and pile groups subjected to general three‐dimensional loading and to vertical and lateral ground movements. Each pile is discretized into a series of cylindrical elements, each of which is divided into several sub‐elements. Compatibility of vertical, lateral and rotational movements is imposed in order to obtain the necessary equations for the pile response. Via hierarchical structures, 12 non‐zero sub‐matrices in a global matrix are derived for the basic influence factors. Solutions are presented for a series of cases involving single piles and pile groups. In each case, the solutions are compared with those from more simplified existing pile analyses such as those developed by Randolph and by Poulos. It is shown that for direct loading effects (e.g. the settlement of piles due to vertical loading), the simplified analyses work well. However, for ‘off‐line’ response (such as the lateral movement due to vertical loading) the differences are greater, and it is believed that the present analysis gives more reliable estimates. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design of a hydraulic power take-off system for the wave energy device with an inverse pendulum

This paper describes a dual-stroke acting hydraulic power take-off （PTO） system employed in the wave energy converter （WEC） with an inverse pendulum. The hydraulic PTO converts slow irregular reciprocating wave motions to relatively smooth, fast rotation of an electrical generator. The design of the hydraulic PTO system and its control are critical to maximize the generated power. A time domain simulation study and the laboratory experiment of the full-scale beach test are presented. The results of the simulation and laboratory experiments including their comparison at full-scale are also presented, which have validated the rationality of the design and the reliability of some key components of the prototype of the WEC with an inverse pendulum with the dual-stroke acting hydraulic PTO system.     

Steady- and transient-state inversion in hydrogeology by successive flux estimation

A calibration method to solve the groundwater inverse problem under steady- and transient-state conditions is presented. The method compares kriged and numerical head field gradients to modify hydraulic conductivity without the use of non-linear optimization techniques. The process is repeated iteratively until a close match with piezometric data is reached. The approach includes a damping factor to avoid divergence and oscillation of the solution in areas of low hydraulic gradient and a weighting factor to account for temporal head variation in transient simulations. The efficiency of the method in terms of computing time and calibration results is demonstrated with a synthetic field. It is shown that the proposed method provides parameter fields that reproduce both hydraulic conductivity and piezometric data in few forward model solutions. Stochastic numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the method to the damping function and to the head field estimation errors.     

Comparison of 2D versus 3D modeling approaches for the analysis of the concrete faced rock‐fill Cokal Dam

This paper's primary purpose is to compare the 2D and 3D analysis methodologies in investigating the performance of a concrete faced rock‐fill dams under dynamic loading conditions. The state of stress on the face plate was obtained in both cases using a total strain based crack model to predict the spreading of cracks on the plate and the corresponding crack widths. Results of the 2D and 3D analyses agree well. Although significantly more demanding, 3D analyses have the advantage of predicting the following: (i) the opening of the vertical construction joints; (ii) the cracking at the valley sides; and (iii) the crushing of the plate during the seismic action. During the earthquake loading, the cracking predicted at the base of the face plate after the impounding spread significantly towards the crest of the dam; however, the crack widths are obtained relatively small. Crushing of the face plates at the construction joints is the primary cause of the large scale cracking predicted on the face plate for high intensity earthquakes. Earthquake induced permanent deformation of the fill increases the compressive stresses on the face plate, thereby reducing the minute cracking on the plate. However, this effect also leads to significant increases in the residual openings at the construction joints and at the plinth level. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地面三维激光扫描技术在变电站精细测量中的应用

变电站是重要的电力设施,对其进行测绘采集是三维建模与可视化、运行维护、管理、异常监控等工作的基础,但其中构筑物具有复杂、结构异形等特点。本文利用三维激光扫描技术获取点云数据,对变电站进行精细测量。提出了基于空间区域复杂度的划分（如将测区划分为均匀分布区、紧密排列区、气体绝缘封闭组合电器（GIS）区、过渡区）方法,并以新疆亚中变电站为例展示了该方法的应用,最终实现了变电站的三维建模与可视化。     

深地震测深在国内的发展与应用现状研究

通过关键词共现分析方法,对深地震测深技术在国内的发展及其应用现状进行研究。结果表明,深地震测深资料处理以二维动力学射线追踪的正反演方法为主,三维地壳结构模型的构建方法则以改进的克里金插值方法为主;深地震测深可用于揭示孕震构造环境,但对区域地壳结构与地震发生规律和活动性的总结较少;在地震测深成果方面,包括地壳结构类型和地壳厚度等,与地热、金属以及油气矿产资源的形成密切相关,但是目前尚未形成能够服务于矿产资源勘查的成果库和数据产品;海洋深部探测是目前深地震测深方法应用的热点,应当加强海陆联合地震观测,充分发挥两种观测模式的优势。