137°E经向断面上的副热带逆流

根据137°E断面1967～1995年间冬、夏两季的温、盐资料,计算和分析了该断面的地转流和副热带逆流.主要结果如下:(1)副热带逆流在冬季和夏季均存在.冬季,副热带逆流出现1支、2支、3支、4支4种形式,夏季出现2支、3支两种形式,两季均以2支形式占优势.(2)冬季副热带逆流主要出现在22°～23°N、26°～27°N两区间;夏季主要出现在21°～22°N、24°～25°N两区间.(3)副热带逆流的流速呈带状结构,多为单束单核,个别为单束双核形式.流速具有更强,冬弱的特点.(4)副热带逆流的流量年际差异较大,多年平均而言,冬季流量为14.3×106m3/s,夏季的为22.9×106m3/s.(5)冬季,副热带逆流的“源地”与黑潮“源地”同为一体.前者是台湾省以东黑潮东侧海流的一个分支,并沿着暖脊、冷槽边缘而东流.     

太湖丘陵地区典型坡面土壤侵蚀与养分流失

建立了基于137Cs技术的土壤侵蚀的定量模型,采用有关土壤养分流失方程,对太湖地区典型坡面的土壤侵蚀和土壤养分流失进行初步估算.结果表明,研究地区的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤侵蚀,林地各个剖面点的土壤侵蚀模数平均为1313.6 t/(km2 @a),而菜地所在的微地貌部位土壤侵蚀更达5185.68 t/(km2 @a).土壤侵蚀主要受植被覆盖和人为耕作的影响,侵蚀量的大小排序为坡麓菜地>坡中马尾松林地>竹林地>坡顶马尾松林地.选择的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤养分流失,林地有机质、全氮、全磷与全钾的平均流失量亦分别高达28.29,1.38,0.35和16.76 t/(km2 @a),养分流失量大的地貌部位的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量低,而土壤侵蚀微弱的坡顶林地土壤养分含量较高.菜地土壤养分流失量最大,但由于施肥作用,土壤养分含最高.太湖丘陵地区的土壤侵蚀与养分流失不仅关系到本地区土壤肥力的退化,并对太湖水体环境质量的产生影响.     

青海共和盆地土壤风蚀的137Cs法研究(Ⅱ)——137Cs背景值与风蚀速率测定

通过对高寒草原背景值样点(RS7)的分析,将共和盆地的¹³⁷Cs背景值含量确定为(2691.78±196.08) Bq·m^-2,基本接近北半球¹³⁷Cs背景值的平均水平,其¹³⁷Cs剖面满足尖峰分布函数,与公认的理论分布(即负指数分布)相比,呈现出峰值下移和曲线趋平的现象,可能与近几十年来¹³⁷Cs的稳定下渗有关。应用¹³⁷Cs背景值剖面分布函数,建立了风蚀速率的¹³⁷Cs估算模型,估算出四个样方的土壤风蚀速率,并由此转化为区域风蚀速率,计算出共和盆地区域土壤风蚀速率为12.556 t·hm^-2·a^-1,通过蚀积平衡检验,其误差水平小于10%。并分析了风蚀物的输出途径及其所占比例。     

放射性核素137Cs在示踪土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

近几十年来,土壤侵蚀日益加剧,伴随着土地质量的退化,已成为影响区域可持续发展的主要环境问题。利用放射性核素137Cs进行土壤侵蚀研究能够简便、快速、准确地获取土壤流失、沉积和空间重新分布等详细信息。从元素来源、空间分布、背景值、示踪原理、活度测定、转换模型等方面对该方法进行了详细描述,在总结其优缺点的基础上,对其未来的发展方向做出了展望。     

137Cs示踪法研究青藏高原草甸土的土壤侵蚀

运用137Cs示踪法对青藏高原高寒草甸典型的两个小流域的土壤侵蚀进行了研究,结果表明:高寒草甸植被区的土壤137Cs在土壤剖面中呈指数型分布,分布深度一般在20cm左右;坡顶部由于风蚀、冻融侵蚀和水蚀较强,致使侵蚀强于下部,除坡顶部外其他坡位侵蚀强度都符合坡上部<坡中部<坡下部的规律;高寒草甸植被覆盖度与土壤侵蚀强度呈显著的负相关关系(p<0.01),土壤平均侵蚀模数随植被覆盖度的增加呈线性降低的趋势,相关系数R2达到0.997以上。高寒草甸退化程度越高,土壤侵蚀越强。退化较强的草甸区的平均侵蚀模数是退化较弱区的2.23倍,最大侵蚀模数可达2960.22t/(km2.a)。     

137Cs示踪法研究太湖流域土壤侵蚀分布与总量

利用137Cs示踪法研究了太湖流域不同地貌和土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀速率分布,初步估算了太湖流域的土壤侵蚀总量。结果表明,土地利用类型相同时,丘陵山坡中点的土壤侵蚀速率与整个坡面的平均值相近;太湖流域山坡中上部以自然坡地为主,土壤侵蚀速率仅为186.6t/km2.a;山坡下部以茶园种植为主,土壤侵蚀速率为3898.5t/km2.a。平原区水田的侵蚀速率与其到山脚的距离正相关,随距离的增大由堆积转变为侵蚀并逐渐增大,山脚水田堆积量和湖岸水田侵蚀量分别为2585.9和6325.7t/km2.a,平均侵蚀速率约为1869.9t/km2.a。太湖流域土壤侵蚀总量约为3446.7×104t,流域土壤侵蚀导致的输入太湖的泥沙量年均约为34.5×104t,与实际监测结果基本一致,说明土壤侵蚀是太湖泥沙输入的主要来源。本研究结果初步证明了利用137Cs示踪法研究太湖流域土壤侵蚀与湖泊沉积通量定量关系的可行性。     

Distribution of caesium-137 in soils across a hillslope hollow

The distribution of soil ¹³⁷Cs in relation to selected soil and landform properties was studied across a 16 ha hillslope hollow in the Hunter valley, New South Wales, Australia. The hillslope was used as grazing for cattle. Caesium-137 was not significantly related to the amount of sand, silt, or clay, the bulk density, the organic matter content, the slope angle or the relative distance downslope. However, ¹³⁷Cs was significantly related to the thickness of the soil A horizon. Spatial variations in ¹³⁷Cs were compared with topographic units and a six-element hillslope model, but there was little correspondence. It was thought that the effects of microtopography could have masked potential interrelationships between ¹³⁷Cs and broader scale landform parameters.     

The role of channel and floodplain storage in the suspended sediment budget of the River Ouse, Yorkshire, UK

This study attempts to quantify the amount of fine-grained (ca. < 150 μm) sediment stored on the floodplains and on the channel bed of the non-tidal sections of the main channels in the catchment of the River Ouse (3315 km²) and of one of its tributaries, the River Waarfe (818 km²), in Yorkshire, UK. Caesium-137 analyses of floodplain sediment cores were used to quantify the amount of Iloodplain deposition as a result of overbank flooding during the last ca. 40 years. A combination of bulk and sectioned cores were collected along transects perpendicular to the channel at 26 sites throughout the study basins. In general, rates of overbank sedimentation decrease with distance from the channel. The average values for individual transects range between 0.010 and 0.554 g cm⁻² year⁻¹. Floodplain storage along the main channels of the Ouse and Wharfe basins accounts for 60645 and 10325 t year⁻¹, respectively, and represents a net loss from the system. The amount of fine-grained sediment stored on the channel bed was estimated by a survey undertaken in August 1996, during which the fine material deposited on the bed was resuspended and its mass estimated at 16 locations. The average values for the individual locations range between 0.017 and 0.924 g cm⁻² and tend to increase downstream. The total channel bed storage at the time of sampling in 1996 was estimated to be 16076 and 1866 t for the Ouse and Wharfe basins, respectively. It is assumed that channel bed storage is seasonal and that no net loss to the system occurs at the annual timescale. Floodplain storage for the Ouse and Wharfe basins represents 39 and 49%, and channel bed storage equals 10 and 9%, respectively, of the annual suspended sediment load (1995–1996) delivered to the channel system. These results have important implications for the routing of fine-grained sediment and sediment-associated contaminants in drainage basins, and for the interpretation of downstream sediment yields in terms of upstream sediment mobilisation.     

南沙海区表层沉积物放射性核素分布特征

用HPGeγ能谱方法测定了南沙海域表层沉积物，探测到的核素有^40K,^137Cs,^210Pb,^226Ra,^228Ra,^228Th,^238U.整体趋势为：^40K,^228Ra,^228Th,^238U4核素比活度为海盆＞陆坡＞陆架，^210Pb,^226Ra为陆坡＞海盆＞陆架，在陆坡区未探测到^137Cs，海盆的^137Cs高于陆架，波折沉积物中核素含量表现了与陆架和陆坡区不同的特征，而坡区^40K,^228Th,^238U4种核素的比活度中帽西向东逐渐降低，整个海区^228Ra,^228Th两种核素由南北向逐渐增大。     

南海东北部表层沉积物天然放射性核素与~(137)Cs

用HPGeγ谱仪测定了南海东北部表层沉积物中的放射性核素 .结果给出 7种核素的平均比活度分别为40 K :538Bq/kg ,2 10 Pb :1 1 6Bq/kg ,2 2 6Ra:2 7 7Bq/kg ,2 2 8Ra:4 4 9Bq/kg ,2 2 8Th :4 2 0Bq/kg ,2 38U :35 4Bq/kg和137Cs:1 1 6Bq/kg ,2 10 Pb的比活度随离岸距离增大 ,2 2 6Ra比活度随离岸距离没有明显变化 ,其余核素比活度随离岸距离减小 .与对我国近海其他海域报道的沉积物放射性核素含量相比 ,40 K和137Cs稍低于其他海域 ,其余核素为中等水平 .