长白山高山苔原研究的进展——献给中华人民共和国建国50周年

长白山高山苔原是我国唯一典型的极在自然景观类型。论述了１９５９年发现高山苔原的背景和依据。对高山苔原生态系统各组成要素的物理,生物,化学特性和过程以及与国外若干苔原比较研究的进展,作了回顾和综述。     

近30年来乌鲁木齐河流域冰川波动特征与流域高山带升温幅度的 …

乌鲁木齐河流域典型冰川与全流域其他冰川波动的监测结果表明,５０年代末与６０年代初以来,各冲川均处于全面退缩状态,且冰川长度退缩量,面积和冰储量减小量与冰川的规模有密切的关系,大冰川退缩量大,但退缩量所占百分比较小,小冰川则相反,而且三者与冲川的长度等级有较好的统计关系。     

Application of sediment traps in global change research in mountain lakes

Representativity of biota in the biosphere also have similar significance in the lithosphere after their death. Recently, taphonomic representation of biota in the lithosphere has been widely used for minimizing the biases in palaeo-environmental reconstructions including global climate change. In September 2001, a sediment trap was installed at the central area of the Loch Coire Fionnaraich （LCFR）, a small, oligotrophic mountain loch in northwest Scotland for a taphonomic study of cladoceran zooplankton. The trap was emptied on a seasonal basis, where an average 0.14 g dry material was recovered in each season, January, May and August 2002 respectively. A sediment core was also taken from near the sediment trap location. The top 0.5 cm section, the ＇core＇ was used for a comparative study with the trap sediment samples. The planktonic Cladocera consisted of Bosmina coregoni and appeared to have excellent preservation in the trap assemblages. Moreover, some common littoral Cladocera such as Alonella excisa and Aloha guttata appear to be less well preserved in the fossil assemblages. Large littoral taxa such as Eurycercus lamellatus and Aloha quadrangularis were rare in the trap but relatively common and well preserved in the sediment-water interface. It is suggested that taphonomic processes play a dominant role on deposition of fossil remains of Cladocera and caution should be taken while inferring the past environmental changes whilst using fossil assemblages recovered from the lake centre as a representation of the entire cladoceran community in the lake.     

Distribution of borehole temperature at four high-altitude alpine glaciers in Central Asia

The distribution of borehole temperature at four high-altitude alpine glaciers was investigated. The result shows that the temperature ranges from -13.4℃ to -1.84℃, indicating the glaciers are cold throughout the boreholes. The negative gradient （i.e., the temperature decreasing with the increasing of depth） due to the advection of ice and climate warming, and the negative gradient moving downwards relates to climate warming, are probably responsible for the observed minimum temperature moving to lower depth in boreholes of the Gyabrag glacier and Miaoergou glacier compared to the previously investigated continental ice core borehole temperature in West China. The borehole temperature at 10m depth ranges from -8.0℃ in the Gyabrag glacier in the central Himalayas to -12.9℃ in the Tsabagarav glacier in the Altai range. The borehole temperature at 10 m depth is 3-4 degrees higher than the calculated mean annual air temperature on the surface of the glaciers and the higher 10 m depth temperature is mainly caused by the production of latent heat due to melt-water percolation and refreezing. The basal temperature is far below the melting point, indicating that the glaciers are frozen to bedrock. The very low temperature gradients near the bedrock suggest that the influence of geothermal flux and ice flow on basal temperature is very weak. The low temperature and small velocity of ice flow of glaciers are beneficial for preservation of the chemical and isotopic information in ice cores.     

川西高山峡谷区的耕地资源态势及其对粮食生产影响研究——以四川省甘孜藏族自治州九龙县为例

研究目的：根据1996～2007年土地利用变更调查和社会经济统计数据,分析四川省甘孜藏族自治州九龙县的耕地资源动态变化特征及粮食生产能力。研究方法：定量分析法、文献资料法、归纳分析法、比较分析法。研究结果：九龙县耕地资源稀缺、质量不高、后备资源不足;粮食作物播种面积呈总体下降趋势,严重制约了九龙县的粮食增产;粮食总产量波动下降,自给率持续下降,同时粮食消费量和缺口不断扩大,不能自主满足生存性粮食需求。建议合理展开土地整理复垦,提高复种指数,加大农业科技投入,改善水利等农业基础设施条件是促进九龙县粮食增产的有效途径。     

Living in a High Mountain Border Region： the Case of the ＇Bhotiyas＇ of the Indo-Chinese Border Region

This article introduces one of South Asia＇s most important border regions into academic discourse, namely, the Central Himalayan mountain rim separating India and the Tibetan Autonomous Region （People＇s Republic of China）. What makes this border region so interesting is a tangled interplay of changing environmental, cultural, and political forms to which the local populations constantly have to adapt in order to make a living there. We focused on the so-called ＇Bhotiyas＇ of Uttarakhand, former trans- Himalayan traders whose ethnicity and livelihood was traditionally associated with the Indo-Chinese border that was sealed as a result of the India-China war in 1962. Drawing on the work of borderland scholarship, we identified the key processes and developments that changed the perspective of this area. Competing political aspirations as well as the ＇Bhotiyas＇ countervailing strategies were considered equally important for understanding local livelihoods and identities within the dynamics of a ＇high mountain border region＇. Through an exemplary analysis of historical differences of power in one ＇Bhotiya＇ valley, we further explored the ways in which shifting socio-spatial constellations are creatively re-interpreted by the borderlanders.     

Glacier Extent and Volume Change （1966-9000） on the Su-lo Mountain in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China

The topographic maps of 1：50, 000 scales, aerial photographs taken in 1966, one Landsat image taken in 1999, and SRTM data from 2000 were used to quantify the losses in area and volume of the glaciers on the Su-lo Mountain, in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China in the past 30 years. The total glacier area decreased from 492.9 km^2 in 1966 to 458.2 km^2 in 1999. The volume loss of the studied glaciers reached 1.4 km^3 from 1966 to 2000. This agrees with documented changes in other mountain glaciers of the whole Tibetan Plateau.     

Effect of snow-cover duration on plant species diversity of alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Although snow cover plays an important role in structuring plant diversity in the alpine zone, there are few studies on the relationship between snow cover and species diversity of alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. To assess the effect of snow cover on plant species diversity of alpine meadows, we used ten parallel transects of 60 m × 1 m for this study and described the changes in species diversity and composition associated with snow depth. With the division of snow depth into six classes, the highest species richness （S） and species diversity （H′） occurred with an intermediate snow depth, i.e., class Ⅲ and class Ⅳ, showing a unimodal curve with the increase in snow depth. The relationship between snow depth and plant diversity （both richness and Shannon index） could be depicted by quadratic equations. There was no evident relationship between diversity （both S and H′） and soil water content, which implied that other more important factors influenced species diversity. The patterns of diversity found in our study were largely attributed to freeze-thaw alteration, length of growing season and disturbances of livestock grazing. Furthermore, snow depth affected species composition, as evaluated by the Sorensen＇s index of similarity. In addition, almost all species limited to one snow depth class were found only in class Ⅲand class Ⅳ, indicating that intermediate snow depth was suitable for the survival and growth of many alpine species.     

川西高山-亚高山草地群落特征及稳定性对增温的响应

川西高山-亚高山区域作为中国长江、黄河上游的重要生态屏障，拥有丰富的生物多样性。川西高山-亚高山草地生态系统对增温变化敏感，但对其草地生态系统群落及其稳定性对增温的响应研究仍存在不足。由于指标选取单一、研究尺度小等研究方法问题，已有研究结论的代表性不足。为了深入了解这一生态系统在不同海拔高度上对气候变暖的响应特征，本研究在贡嘎山东北坡雅家埂峡谷地带，沿海拔3000～4130 m设置4个高山-亚高山草地样地，采用两种常用的模拟增温模式(OTC增温和带草皮下移增温)模拟环境温度升高，研究2012—2017年期间，不同海拔梯度上草地物种丰富度、群落高度和盖度、地上净初级生产力对增温的响应特征，以及这些特征变化与群落生物量时间稳定性的关系。结果表明：(1)OTC增温仅在高海拔寒冷样地降低了物种丰富度，不影响中低海拔样地的物种丰富度；下移增温增加了高海拔寒冷样地的物种丰富度，却降低了低海拔温暖样地的物种丰富度；(2)OTC增温仅增加了高海拔寒冷样地的群落高度，下移增温显著增加了所有海拔梯度上的植被高度；(3)在两个中间海拔梯度样地，两种增温模式都降低了杂草类植物盖度，却增加了莎草与禾草的盖度；(...