Ecological consequences of land use change: Forest structure and regeneration across the forest-grassland ecotone in mountain pastures in Nepal

The ecotone, the spatial transition zone between two vegetation communities, is claimed to have more species than the adjoining communities. However, empirical studies do not always confirm higher richness at the ecotone. The ecotone position and structure are dynamic over time and space and it is driven by the changes in climate, land use or their interaction. In this context, we assessed the forest- grassland ecotone of temperate mountains in central Nepal by i） comparing species composition and richness across the ecotone, ii） analyzing if the forestgrassland ecotone is shifting towards the grassland center by colonizing them with trees, and iii） discussing the consequence of changed disturbance regime in the dynamics of this ecotone and the surrounding grasslands. We analyzed vegetation data sampled from belt transects laid across the forest- grassland ecotone in semi-natural grassland patches. Vegetation data consisting of species richness and composition, and size structure and regeneration of the two most dominant tree species, namely Rhododendron arboreum and Abies spectabilis, from the transects, were used to analyze the trend of the forest-grassland ecotone. Forest and grasslands were different in terms of floristic composition and diversity. Vascular plant speciesrichness linearly increased while moving from forest interior to grassland center. Spatial pattern of tree size structure and regeneration infers that forest boundary is advancing towards the grasslands at the expense of the grassland area, and tree establishment in the grasslands is part of a suceessional process. Temporally, tree establishment in grasslands started following the gradual decline in disturbance. We argue that local processes in terms of changed land use may best explain the phenomenon of ecotone shift and consequent forest expansion in these grasslands. We underpin the need for further research on the mechanism, rate and spatial extent of ecotone shift by using advaneed tools to understand the process indepth.     

Dam-break Modeling in Alpine Valleys

Dam-break analysis is of great importance in mountain environment,especially where reservoirs are located upstream of densely populated areas and hydraulic hazard should be assessed for land planning purposes.Accordingly,there is a need to identify suitable operative tools which may differ from the ones used in flat flood-prone areas.This paper shows the results provided by a 1D and a 2D model based on the Shallow Water Equations（SWE） for dam-break wave propagation in alpine regions.The 1D model takes advantage of a topographic toolkit that includes an algorithm for pre-processing the Digital Elevation Model（DEM） and of a novel criterion for the automatic cross-section space refinement.The 2D model is FLO-2D,a commercial software widely used for flood routing in mountain areas.In order to verify the predictive effectiveness of these numerical models,the test case of the Cancano dam-break has been recovered from the historical study of De Marchi（1945）,which provides a unique laboratory data set concerning the consequences of the potential collapse of the former Cancano dam（Northern Italy）.The measured discharge hydrograph at the dam also provides the data to test a simplified method recently proposed for the characterization of the hydrograph following a sudden dam-break.     

高山通信基站机房雷电电磁感应的防护

分析高山通信基站机房遭受邻近雷击和直接雷击时的电磁环境及其危害,指出应采取屏蔽措施来降低机房内磁场强度。在屏蔽材料的选择上,通过分析材料在电磁场下的性能,提出选择钢质材料为佳。通过对屏蔽系数、屏蔽效率和成本效率与屏蔽网格尺寸大小的关系性进行综合分析,得出屏蔽网格为1 m×1 m时效益最好。     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的深切割高山峡谷区滑坡灾害早期识别

近年来,高山峡谷区滑坡灾害频频发生,给人民生命和财产安全带来严重威胁。针对多数学者利用SAR单轨道数据对高山峡谷区滑坡进行早期识别,存在SAR成像几何畸变造成部分滑坡不能识别、识别结果不全面等问题。为全面准确的对高山峡谷区滑坡隐患进行早期识别,文章采用SBAS-InSAR技术,以东川小江沿线两侧深切割高山峡谷区为研究区,通过升降轨SAR数据结合互补的方式进行滑坡灾害隐患识别,引入高分辨率光学影像等作为辅助识别,最终共识别出18处滑坡灾害体,其中5处为高风险潜在滑坡,并对三类典型潜在滑坡进行分析。分析结果表明:利用升降轨SAR数据结合互补的方式,能有效避免SAR单轨道数据在高山峡谷地区产生的几何畸变问题,同时,该方法能更为准确全面地对高山峡谷区滑坡隐患进行早期识别,为防灾减灾事业及政府部门决策提供一种有效的手段。     

高山移民工作的探索和实践

嵊州,地处曹娥江上游,辖区国土总面积1789平方公里,其中77.3%为丘陵山区,17.67%为平原盆地,5.03%为水域,总体上接近浙江全境"七山一水两分田"的地貌特征.嵊州山地面积大、散居山区人数多,据调查统计,该市自然村数量多达2701个,相关农户25942户77073人,高山移民指的就是这一部分人群.在农村现代化建设特别是在建设和谐社会的进程中,这部分人群急需迁移,而该市并不具备大规模迁移的基本条件.其一,山区经济薄弱.2004年,10个纯山区乡镇的人口占全市农村20.47%,村级经济总收入仅占8.95%,而6个乡建制的只占3.28%,农民人均年收入10个乡镇都在全市农村平均水平以下.其二,观念障碍坚固.老年人更为突出,宁愿守住残垣断壁,也不肯离开世袭古地,把旧宅视为祖业继承.其三,山区穷,山农贫,但始终未享受省扶贫政策的优惠待遇.嵊州人依靠以土治土,以土养土的科学理念,在2004年底前的近3年内,通过高山移民,缩并自然村928个,有7546户20463人移居异地.     

太白山高山带环境特征

对比国内外关于高山带景观划分的多种观点，采用气候树线以上部分为高山带的划分方法，重点讨论太白山高山带自然环境，包括第四纪冰川遗迹和现代冰缘作用影响下的高山、亚高山地貌，研究区内主要气候要素的分布状、特别气温和降水的时空分配分布格局，土壤有机质的空间分异，以及在这种环境条件下高山带的植物区系和植被分布格局。太白山高山带的各种环境要素之间密切相关，是表现特殊的自然综合体。在全球气候变化背景下，其自然环境特点及变化值得密切关主。     

五台山高山带景观的遥感分析

基于TM数据和GIS技术，通过气候参数插值，地形三维分析、气候参数和景观图与DEM的叠加、景观参数计算，从不同空间尺度分析了五台山高山带的景观特征，研究认为：将气候参数插值图和景观组分图叠加在DEM上，能更好地反映山地景观的格局及其形成机制；五台山是华北地区半湿润-半干旱背景上一个寒冷、湿润的中心；海拔2890m以上存在气候上的林线，应划入高山带；五台山高山带景观主要是高山蒿草草甸，是华北地区独特的景观类型。     

长白山高山冻原生态系统碳循环及与北极对比研究

探讨了长白山高山冻原生态系统的碳同化固定量、凋落物迁移量、冻原土壤生态系统的呼吸释放速率、有机碳库贮存量,并与北极进行了对比研究.结果证明:（1）长白山高山冻原植被生态系统目前年净储存有机碳2092t/a,总储存有机碳33457t;土壤库目前年均净储存有机碳1054t/a,总储存有机碳316203t,年均土壤呼吸速率为92.72/m2·a-1,是北极的 1.52倍;（2）白山高山冻原植被-土壤生态系统现已成为456081t的碳的储存库,其中,有机碳占76.7％,无机碳占23.3％.它是调节长白山小气候、维持长白山高山冻原植被类型、保护长白山冻原土壤、防治水土流失的巨大的屏障,同时对固定大气CO2起着巨大的汇作用.     

高山风化石土壤防雷接地降阻工程技术探讨

通过对桂林电视发射台和中国移动桂林分公司尧山基站(海拨高度713m)的防雷接地降阻工程的设计和施工实践，探索出在高山地段风化多岩石土壤获得低接地电阻的一些经验，对类似的高山防雷接地装置设计和施工有一定实用价值。     

泰顺发展高山蔬菜的优势

调整经济结构，促进农业增效，农民增收是当前农民、农业和农村工作的一个重大课题。为此，泰顺县委、县政府结合泰顺实际利用境内山岭耸峙，丘陵起伏的优势大力发展高山蔬菜，成为一些山区农村脱贫致富的支柱产业。本文通过泰顺优裕的生态环境，来分析发展高山蔬菜的优势。