西藏巴嘎雪湿地夏季土壤动物群落特征

2010年7月,对巴嘎雪湿地5块采样地的土壤动物进行了调查,共捕获大型和中小型土壤动物47类4 832只,隶属于3门6纲12目34科。土壤动物的优势类群为绥螨科(Sejidae)、等节跳属(Isotoma)和隐跳属(Cryptopygus),占总捕获量的31.76%;常见类群31类,占总捕获量的60.83%;稀有类群13类,占总捕获量的7.41%。巴嘎雪湿地土壤动物以腐食性动物为主,捕食性动物次之,植食性动物最少。各采样地的土壤动物数量和种类在土壤中具有明显的表聚性。湿草甸的土壤动物物种多样性最丰富、物种分布最均匀,更适合土壤动物生存。5块采样地土壤动物间的相似程度表现为极不相似到中等不相似,表明巴嘎雪湿地出水口和进水口所处环境差异较大。     

Zooplankton community structure in relation to environmental factors and ecological assessment of water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River

To study the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors and water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River, investigations were carried out in June, August, and October 2011. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） and saprobic indices were used to process and analyze the data. Seasonal variability was identified as a significant source of variation, which explains the fluctuation in zooplankton density. In autumn, the dry season, water residence time increased and zooplankton biomass and abundance accumulated in the slow flowing waters. Zooplankton abundance increased when food conditions improved. Therefore, the total zooplankton abundance in autumn is much higher than that in spring and summer. According to the saprobic indices, all the sample sites had mesosaprobic water and water quality was worse in autumn. CCA revealed that temperature accounted for most of the spatial variation in the zooplankton community. Moreover, pH, dissolved oxygen saturation, and turbidity were important factors affecting zooplankton community distribution.     

Spatial structure of central places in Jilin Central Urban Agglomeration,Jilin Province,China

Using the radius of gyration from fractal theory, this paper describes the calculation of fractal dimensions for the four tiers of central places in the Jilin Central Urban Agglomeration(JCUA), Jilin Province, China and the structural characteristics of each tier: 1) the 1st tier central place, Changchun Proper(not including Shuangyang District), provides the most service functions and has the most stable primate position; 2) the 2nd tier central places, Jilin Proper, Siping Proper, Liaoyuan Proper and Songyuan Proper have unclear statuses and do not provide certain functions; 3) the 3rd tier central places comprise 23 county-level cities, counties and urban districts(including Shuangyang District of Changchun), exhibiting a dense spatial structure that agrees with theory; 4) the 4th tier contains the largest number of central places(248 designated towns), but they are loosely distributed. In this study, a spatial image of the JCUA was created, based on vectorized data of the urban settlement distribution, which was then modified and abstracted to create a hexagonal network covering the JCUA. Compared to the traditional central place model, the modified spatial image conforms to the K = 3 principle. In reality, however, the growth of some 3rd tier central places should be increased with the cities being upgraded to the 2nd tier so as to overcome that tier′s functional deficiency. The loose distribution in the 4th tier should also be changed. This apparent anomaly can be explained by the fact that the classic hexagon model used to describe the way market areas layout does not exist in the real world. However, this should not be viewed as an obstacle to using central place theory. If its assumptions are properly applied, it can still assist research into the spatial structure of regions.     

胶州湾冬季浮游植物光合作用特征原位研究

目前关于中国近海浮游植物光合作用特征的研究较少,尤其是海洋浮游藻类冬季光合生理生态方面的研究少见报道。本实验利用浮游植物荧光仪Phyto-PAM测量了胶州湾浮游植物最大光化学量子产量、快速光曲线、光化学淬灭以及非光化学淬灭,通过显微镜镜检获得浮游植物群落结构组成与丰度结果,结合相应的环境因子,对胶州湾冬季浮游植物进行了原位光合作用特征研究。结果表明:调查期间胶州湾浮游植物具有较高的光合活性与潜力,最大光化学量子产量保持在0.69左右,光能利用效率大部分处于0.2—0.3之间,快速光曲线十分典型,当光强超过1000μmol/(s·m2)后依然能保持较好的光合活性,光化学淬灭值较高;当光强超过1500μmol/(s·m2)后,相对电子传递速率开始下降,实际光量子收益达到最低,非光化学淬灭升高,此时海洋浮游植物将光合机构吸收的过量光能以热能的形式耗散掉,有效地保护了胶州湾浮游植物的光合器官不因高光强的照射而受到损伤。冬季大部分时期胶州湾浮游植物丰度极低,但是湾内浮游植物具有较强的光合活性,加上相对稳定的水文、生物等环境以及较丰富的营养盐和相对有利的营养盐结构,是推动冬季浮游植物高峰期出现的关键生理生态因素。     

象山港人工鱼礁投放对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

为探明人工鱼礁生境中底栖生物群落结构的组成情况,评估人工鱼礁投放的生态修复效果,根据2006—2007年4季象山港全港区以及2010年4季人工鱼礁区和邻近区的调查资料,对比分析了3个不同区域大型底栖动物群落的差异。共鉴定出大型底栖动物116种,其中多毛类46种,软体动物35种,甲壳类18种,棘皮动物6种,其他类11种,各区域大型底栖动物的主要类群均为多毛类和软体动物。大型底栖动物密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数表现为邻近区鱼礁区全港区,生物量为鱼礁区邻近区全港区。双因子方差分析结果表明:区域间,大型底栖动物种类数、密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数均存在显著性差异,生物量无显著性差异;季节间,大型底栖动物种类数和密度存在显著性差异,其余参数均无显著性差异。非度量多维尺度排序分析结果显示,鱼礁区和邻近区的大型底栖动物群落相似度较高,而与全港区的相似度较低。相似性百分比进一步揭示,鱼礁区和邻近区大型底栖动物群落间的平均非相似性为77.19%,不倒翁虫(Sternaspis scutata)为造成群落间差异的重要贡献物种;鱼礁区和全港区群落间的平均非相似性高达91.34%,不倒翁虫、薄云母蛤(Yoldia similis)、纵肋织纹螺(Nassarius variciferus)和洼颚倍棘蛇尾(Amphioplus depressus)为重要贡献物种;邻近区和全港区大型底栖动物群落间的平均非相似性也高达91.47%,不倒翁虫、薄片镜蛤(Dosinia laminata)和薄云母蛤为重要贡献物种。双因素相似性分析结果表明,人工鱼礁区、邻近区和全港区大型底栖动物群落季节间存在显著性差异,但区域间无显著性差异。不同区域两两间检验结果表明,人工鱼礁区和全港区的大型底栖动物群落存在显著性差异,人工鱼礁区和邻近区以及邻近区和全港区均无显著性差异。研究结果表明,象山港白石山群岛海域人工鱼礁的投放对大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著,但影响范围局限于人工鱼礁区附近。     

雷州马尾藻Sargassum leizhouense(Fucales,Phaeophyta)形态结构及分类研究

本研究通过对产于雷州半岛的雷州马尾藻(Sargassum leizhouense)形态结构进行研究,结合形态解剖、分类学特征等观察,比较了与同类组中其他3种马尾藻的特征差异,澄清了其分类地位,并修改了雷州马尾藻的检索表。结果表明,雷州马尾藻属于马尾藻属、真马尾藻亚属、叶托混生组、拟叶托混生亚组;尽管雷州马尾藻与该组的瓦氏马尾藻(S.vachellianum)、鳞茎马尾藻(S.bulbiferum)及滑托组的亨氏马尾藻(S.henslowianum)形态有许多相似之处,但其与上述3种马尾藻的主要差异在于球芽及分裂叶的有无。本研究不仅修改了雷州马尾藻分类地位,也为将来开展该马尾藻的人工繁育及养殖、加工提供帮助。     

西南印度洋深海热液硫化物区沉积物微生物群落结构和固氮基因多样性

A sediment sample was collected from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field located at a depth of 2 951 m on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the prokaryotic community using polymerase chain reaction（PCR） amplification of the 16 S rRNA and nifH genes. Within the Archaea, the dominant clones were from marine benthic group E（MBGE） and marine group I（MGI） belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, respectively. More than half of the bacterial clones belonged to the Proteobacteria, and most fell within the Gammaproteobacteria. No epsilonproteobacterial sequence was observed. Additional phyla were detected including the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Chlamydiae, Verrucomicrobia, and candidate divisions OD1, OP11, WS3 and TM6, confirming their existence in hydrothermal vent environments. The detection of nifH gene suggests that biological nitrogen fixation may occur in the hydrothermal vent field of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that only Clusters I and III NifH were present. This is consistent with the phylogenetic analysis of the microbial 16 S rRNA genes, indicating that Bacteria play the main role in nitrogen fixation in this hydrothermal vent environment.     

广西沿海不同演替阶段红树群落沉积物粒度分布特征

沉积物粒度分布是影响红树群落演替的重要因素之一。本文对代表广西红树群落演替趋势的白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)3种红树群落沉积物进行了粒度分析。结果表明:3种红树群落沉积物类型均以砂和粉砂为主,随着红树林群落保存状况的逐渐变差,砂的含量逐渐上升,粉砂和黏土含量逐渐下降;沉积物粒径分布趋势均为砂粉砂黏土砾。木榄和秋茄2个群落底床沉积物不同深度沉积物粒径分布规律一致,但与白骨壤群落存在差异;3种红树群落的沉积物粒度频率曲线均呈现为双峰或多峰形态。     

莱州湾夏季大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与历史资料的比较

2009年6月在莱州湾9个站位采集的大型底栖动物样品的研究结果,并与历史资料进行了对比。共鉴定出大型底栖动物96种,总平均丰度为1 902.21 ind./m2,总平均生物量为8.30 g/m2,其中软体动物占据绝对优势。基于丰度进行的CLUSTER聚类分析和MDS标序图将研究海域划分为3个组,与沉积物底质类型显著相关。研究海域底质类型包括粘土质粉砂、砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂4种。通过BIOENV分析,影响其群落结构的主要环境因子有水深、底温、沉积物偏态、中值粒径、有机质、叶绿素含量。多样性指数反映各站位生物多样性差异较大。ABC曲线显示大部分站位群落结构受到中等程度扰动,只有2个站位显示未受扰动。通过与历史数据的对比发现,平均丰度较1980年代和1990年代有所增加,但物种数目明显减少。以上结果表明莱州湾近年来受人类活动影响较大,出现了不同程度的污染,导致大型底栖动物的群落结构发生变化及生物多样性下降。     

室内雕塑点云三维重构

针对室内雕塑传统建模效率低的问题,探讨并实现了点云三维自动重建的方法。通过对点云数据预处理,包括异常点剔除、数据精简等,减少了异常点对建模的影响,使用泊松曲面重建技术进行雕塑点云三维重构。运用这种方法,可以使得表面能够很好的拟合。