原子吸收光谱法测定镉的进展

对近年来国内应用原子吸收光谱法测定镉的进展进行评述,内容包括了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,火焰原子吸收光谱法和氢化物发生原子吸收法.     

中国土壤中化学元素与宫颈癌的相关性研究

本文利用中国土壤元素资料2069448个数据，宫颈癌死亡调查资料119760例，研究了宫颈癌死亡率与人群生存的土壤环境中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、F、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Se等64个元素的相关性。结果表明，宫颈癌的发病率与土壤环境中化学元素的含量具有较强的相关性。     

Heavy metal content in untreated forest soils in Southwest China

The rapid industrial development in China has caused a range of environmental problems. Along with emissions of ＂conventional＂ air pollutants, such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides, there are also increasing emissions of heavy metals to the atmosphere. Little information is available on metal contamination due to atmospheric deposition in forest soils in China. In order to get an overview of the extent of the problem, we conducted analyses of metal content in soil samples from three forested research catchments in Southwest China [Tieshanping （TSP） in Chongqing, Liuchongguan （LCG） and Leigongshan （LGS） in Guizhou]. Total concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry after microwave digestion. The Hg content was determined using a Direct Mercury Analyzer. The concentrations of most of the analyzed metals were below the National Grade A standard limits in China for most samples, except for Cd and Pb where the limits were slightly exceeded at some of the sampling sites. In general, there were small differences between the different sites, although Cd and Co show a tendency to be higher at the most remote site （Leigongshan）. This site receives the lowest deposition of conventional air pollutants among the sites and the higher metals concentrations are possibly related to higher content in the soil parent material. There is no apparent general gradient in metal concentrations with proximity to cities, major air pollution emission sources, nor with sulphur deposition loads.     

胁迫浓度和胁迫时间对印度芥菜中镉形态分布的影响

螯合作用是植物对细胞内重金属耐受的主要方式之一,植物中螯合肽(PCs)在植物耐重金属毒害中的作用已有许多报道,但作用程度并未得出一致的结论,关于PCs是在镉刺激下直接合成还是以谷胱甘肽为底物合成同样存在争议.本文研究了胁迫浓度和胁迫时间对超积累植物印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)中镉形态分布的影响.印度芥菜幼苗分别用0.5、1.0、3.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L镉标准溶液胁迫24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h后收获,用体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱技术测定植物体根部和叶部中镉形态的含量.结果表明,在低胁迫浓度下(≤3.0 mg/L),植物叶中PCs-Cd的含量与胁迫浓度成正比;在高胁迫浓度下,PCs-Cd含量反而降低,根中PCs-Cd的含量持续增加,但叶中PCs-Cd总量高于根部,说明PCs在植物体内会由根部向叶部转移,从而提高了镉耐受性.在持续长时间胁迫下,PCs-Cd含量也降低,表明PCs在镉解毒机制中仅有短暂的作用;持续高浓度胁迫下,植物会引发其他机制来抵制Cd的毒性.研究认为PCs在镉解毒机制中的作用需要考虑胁迫时间和胁迫浓度这两个重要参数.     

Triton X-114存在下镉试剂分光光度法测定环境水样中的镉

及时监测环境水中的镉含量是预防和治理镉污染的前提,采用分光光度法测定镉具有简便、迅速、易普及等特点,然而较低的灵敏度限制了该方法的应用。本文通过选用表面活性剂Triton X-114为增敏剂,有效地提高了镉试剂分光光度法测定镉离子的灵敏度。研究结果表明,在KOH溶液中,Triton X-114存在下,镉试剂与镉离子生成橙红色络合物,显色物质最大吸收峰为470 nm,镉离子含量在0~10 μg/25 mL范围内符合比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数达到1.25×10⁵ L/(mol·cm),检测限低至5.0 μg/L。与Triton X-100以及其他表面活性剂相比,Triton X-114的应用能显著提高镉试剂光度法测定镉的吸光度,表观摩尔吸光系数最高可增加49%,检测限也能够降低近50%,并且分析方法简便迅速,易普及,可应用于环境水以及工业废水中微量或痕量镉的直接测定。     

多壁碳纳米管固相萃取快速检测水样中铅镉铜铁

传统的固相萃取填料应用于环境样品的重金属处理过程中,存在pH不稳定和不同极性萃取物共同萃取较为困难等方面的不足,因此寻找新型固相萃取填料显得尤为重要。本文采用多壁碳纳米管填充固相萃取柱,萃取水中金属元素铅、镉、铜和铁,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅和镉,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铜和铁。实验考察了多壁碳纳米管的性质、溶液pH值、洗脱溶液、样品流速以及基体效应对测定结果的影响。结果显示:溶液pH=9,1 mol/L硝酸为洗脱溶液,样品流速为2 mL/min时,外径8 nm未修饰的多壁碳纳米管有较好的萃取效率,对溶液中铅、镉、铜和铁的最大吸附容量分别为44.91、42.31、54.68和49.07 mg/g,四种元素的吸附容量均衡;钾、钠、钙、镁离子以及苯和甲苯等基质对四种金属元素的萃取影响不大。方法回收率为95.3%~99.5%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.2%~3.2%。本方法采用外径8 nm的多壁碳纳米管固相萃取,与传统萃取方法相比,富集效果好、回收率较高,而且操作简便、准确度高;与前人采用外径20~30 nm的多壁碳纳米管的性能相比,镉和铜的吸附容量更高,还可实现对铁的吸附,且铅、镉、铜和铁四种元素的吸附容量均衡,更适合用于检测水样中的金属元素。     

改进BCR法-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定矿产品堆场土壤中镉砷铅的化学形态

矿产品堆场土壤中重金属在环境中富集,随着元素的迁移、转化及地下水的循环,成为环境污染问题。本文将改进的顺序提取法(BCR)应用于矿产品堆场土壤中Cd、As、Pb的化学形态分析,结合这三种元素的性质,将堆场土壤中Cd、As、Pb分为可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定其含量。采用形态分析标准参考物质GBW 07436验证了三步提取态的准确性,并对6个矿产品堆场土壤中Cd、As、Pb形态含量进行分析,三步提取态加上残渣态质量分数之和与重金属总量进行了比较,回收率为85.54%~102.88%。通过对矿产品堆场土壤实际样品分析,Cd、As、Pb三种元素非残渣态含量顺序为Cd(79.40%~94.94%)Pb(24.27%~37.73%)As(22.89%~31.51%),表明Cd元素较为容易进入生物圈。该方法解决了港口堆场土壤中重金属化学形态提取问题,对污染土壤的治理具有指导意义。     

酸雨条件下成都平原黄壤镉的等温吸附模型研究

采用人工模拟酸雨方法,配制含主要阴、阳离子及一定范围pH值的母液,选取成都市近郊典型农业土壤黄壤,研究黄壤在自然条件下镉的静态吸附;探究黄壤对镉的吸附特征,确定酸雨中影响黄壤镉吸附行为的关键因素及影响程度,建立黄壤对镉的等温吸附曲线,讨论酸雨条件下影响黄壤镉分配系数的关键因素;采用Henry模型拟合等温吸附曲线。结果表明,在实验设定的浓度范围内,该模型相关系数均达显著,能较好地描述镉在黄壤中的吸附过程。     

高压消解-石墨炉原子吸收测定近海生物样品中的铅、镉

采用高压消解-石墨炉原子吸收测定近海生物样品中的铅、镉,探讨了硝酸+过氧化氢不同配比,消解时间的选择,以及准确度、精密度和检出限试验。通过对国家一级标准物质及实际样品进行方法验证,结果表明该分析方法的准确度好,精密度高,检出限达到规范要求,实际样品加标回收率在90%~105%,测试结果准确可靠,能满足近海生物样品的测试要求。     

Ecotoxicity of Cadmium to Maize and Soybean Seedling in Black Soil

Ecotoxicity and bioavailability of cadmium(Cd)to the maize(Zea mays L.)and the soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)were investigated by acute toxicity experiment in the laboratory with black soil.Ecotoxicity and bioavailability of Cd were quantified by calculating the median effective concentration(EC50)and bioaccumulation factor(BAF).The measurement endpoints used were seed germination and seedling growth(shoot and root).The results showed that concentrations of Cd in the soil had adverse effect on the growth of roots and shoots.Seed germination was not the sensitive indicator for the ecotoxicity of Cd in the soil,while the growth of roots was the most sensitive measurement endpoint.Absorbability and transport of Cd in plants depended on the test crop species and Cd concentrations in the soil.The maize retains more Cd in its roots,while the soybean transports more Cd to the shoots from roots.