Changes in the population structure of Calanus sinicus during summer–autumn in the southern Yellow Sea

Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.     

大亚湾大型海藻丛的大角玻璃钩虾种群分布特征

大角玻璃钩虾Hyale grandicornis是我国沿海潮间带常见的藻栖甲壳动物, 但目前关于其与栖息海藻的作用关系极少报道。2016年2—5月在大亚湾岩礁潮间带采集了石莼Ulva lactuca和半叶马尾藻变种Sargassum hemiphyllum var. chinense海藻, 结果显示大角玻璃钩虾在两种海藻丛中均有分布, 其中在石莼藻丛中分布的钩虾个体数量、平均体长和平均体重均大于在半叶马尾藻藻丛中。在半叶马尾藻藻丛中, 大角玻璃钩虾种群的性比、抱卵雌性比例和幼体比例相对较高, 而性成熟体长、抱卵雌性体长和卵粒体积则相对较小。研究表明, 大角玻璃钩虾在两种海藻中的种群分布与繁殖特征存在着差异, 可能受到栖息海藻形态结构及其生境等因素的影响。     

獐子岛海域浮游甲藻及有毒微藻的年际变化研究

2011—2017年,每月一次,通过对獐子岛海域29个站位浮游甲藻的调查,探究浮游甲藻种群结构的年际变化特征。发现了浮游甲藻19属47种,其中原多甲藻属(Protoperidinium)种类最多为17种,鳍藻属(Dinophysis)和角藻属(Ceratium)各4种,裸甲藻属(Gymnodinium)和原甲藻属(Prorocentrum)各3种,膝沟藻属(Gonyaulax)和环沟藻属(Gyrodinium)各2种,原角藻属(Protoceratium)、夜光藻属(Noctiluca)和凯伦藻属(Karenia)等均为1种。浮游甲藻种类数呈逐年递增,季节上呈现夏季和秋季较多,春季次之,冬季最少。浮游甲藻密度变化区间为(2.376—339.323)×10~4/m~3,平均密度为65.479×10~4/m~3,亦呈现夏季和秋季较高,春季次之,冬季最低,但密度呈逐年递减,且不同站位间差异较大。调查期间,不同季节优势种类有相同性,如三角角藻(Ceratium tripos)、梭角藻(Ceratiumfusus)和亚历山大藻(Alexandriumsp.)为四季优势种,但亦有差异,如鳍藻(Dinophysisspp.)和夜光藻(Noctilucascintillans)为夏季和秋季优势种,网状原角藻(Protoceratium reticulatum)为冬季和春季优势种。优势种中有毒微藻呈逐年增多趋势,有毒的链状裸甲藻(Gymnodiniumcatenatum)、米氏凯伦藻(Kareniamikimotoi)和具尾鳍藻(Dinophysiscaudata)等非优势种在獐子岛海域首次发现。浮游甲藻群落的香农-威纳指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数均为秋季夏季春季冬季,呈逐年递增趋势。近年来,獐子岛海域浮游生物群落甲藻化和有毒化趋势明显,可能与海水营养盐比例失衡、海水酸化、北黄海冷水团、双壳贝类大规模养殖等有关。     

南海海域三疣梭子蟹的幼体培育

幼体期Z1和Z2投喂扁藻和轮虫,Z2后期开始以轮虫和卤虫无节幼体混合投喂,Z3后用卤虫无节幼体投喂,大眼幼体用不同饵料培育,进行南海海域三疣梭子蟹幼体培育,结果表明:溞状幼体平均成活率为15.3%;Z2变态为Z3、Z4变态为M为溞状幼体培育的敏感期,幼体的阶段成活率较低;以卤虫无节幼体、冰冻卤虫成虫、活卤虫成虫为饵料,均能使培育大眼幼体至幼蟹,其中活卤虫成虫投喂、加防残网片培育效果最好,成活率达80%。     

Oomycetes and fungi: important parasites on marine algae

Considering that the field is largely unexplored and its importance to aquaculture, outline of oomycetes and fungi parasiting on marine algae was provided in this paper, including 15 species of oomycetes, six species of chytrids, 31 Ascomycota species and one species of mitosporic fungi. In natrue, both the oomycetes and chytrids frequently occurred and induced prevalences of disease which could destroy the populations of host plants greatly. However, the parasites in Ascomycota on algae have never occurred as epidemics so far. Some issues relating to the field were discussed such as performing tests to satisfy Koch''s postulates, investigations of host specificity, interactions between host and parasite and the potential effects of environmental factors on occurrence of a disease, which are urgent in need of further investigations.     

鱼类种群指数的定义和计算

本文在作者已建鱼类种群数学模型的基础上,进一步建立描述鱼类种群动态特征的各种指数及计算方法。     

武汉南湖三种摇蚊幼虫生物学特性及其种群变动的研究

通过周年15次野外定量取样结合室内培养,对武汉南湖中的中国长足摇蚊Tanypus chinensis Wang、六附器德永摇蚊Tokunagayusurika sezpapilosus(Yan ＆ Ye)和半褶皱摇蚊Chironomus plumosus f.semireduclus Lenz的种群动态和生物学特性(食性、筑巢、羽化期、世代数、越冬幼虫等)进行了研究,并得出半褶皱摇蚊和六附器德永摇蚊有垂直迁移习性,且这种迁移明显地影响了取样的结果.象六附器德永摇蚊在高温季节下迁、寒冷季节上移的现象罕见,它可作为一种热敏感指示生物。另外,计算出了三种摇蚊幼虫体长和体重的回归方程式。     

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)生存危机的主因到底是什么？

野生中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)种群正面临灭绝的风险,一个重要原因是长期以来对其生存危机的主因缺乏共识,导致缺乏针对性保护措施.基于中华鲟种群模型,我们把主流专家提出的五个主因——捕捞、污染、航运、全球气候变化、水利工程与中华鲟种群衰退的影响因子进行对比,归并为繁殖群体损失、补充群体损失、存活率降低和长江水坝累积影响四种可能因子,在此基础上进行单因子和多因子情景计算和分析,并评估这些情景发生的可能性.结果表明:长江水坝的累积影响是中华鲟生存危机的主因.捕捞、污染、航运等其他因素对种群数量有一定不利影响.我们的定量情景计算和分析,验证了1982年中央批准把中华鲟列为葛洲坝救鱼唯一对象的共识和观点-葛洲坝对中华鲟影响最大;揭示了长江水坝对中华鲟种群衰退和灭绝风险的影响机制;厘清了各影响因素的主次关系,否定了长期存在的、把中华鲟生存危机主因归咎于非法捕捞、污染、航运、全球气候变化等传统主流观点.我们认为,要挽救野生中华鲟种群,必须采用针对性措施减缓长江水坝的影响,恢复野生群体的自然繁殖是中华鲟保护的当务之急.     

鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量动态与空间分布格局

2003-2015年,本研究采用地面同步调查法开展了鄱阳湖越冬小天鹅种群监测,分析了鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量动态和空间分布格局.结果表明13年来鄱阳湖越冬小天鹅平均数量为69417±31309只,虽然种群数量的年际波动较大,但是并无明显的变化趋势.2004年冬季记录到最小种群数量27016只,2013年冬季记录到最大种群数量115710只.每年冬季小天鹅在鄱阳湖呈聚集型空间分布格局,大湖池、珠湖和大汊湖是越冬小天鹅主要活动区.自然保护区系统涵盖了小天鹅重要的越冬湖泊,50.1%±38.2%的越冬小天鹅分布在保护区内.小天鹅在保护区内和保护区外湖泊中的数量并无显著差异,但是小天鹅对保护区外湖泊的利用频次显著高于对保护区内湖泊的利用频次.