风沙治理工程综合效益分析——以敦煌黑山嘴风沙口为例北大核心CSCD

通过对敦煌黑山嘴风沙工程治理区和未治理区近地表风动力环境与土壤理化性质对比分析,研究了风沙治理工程下黑山嘴的防风固沙与土壤改良的综合效益,为今后该区域近地表风沙动力过程的深入研究和风沙灾害综合治理提供了借鉴。结果表明:相较于未治理区,敦煌黑山嘴工程治理区的平均风速、起沙风频率均明显降低,输沙强度减小,年输沙势降低85%,大风天气减少;工程治理区土壤各养分及水盐含量也在一定深度明显增加,全氮、全磷、全钾含量在5 cm土层深度增长率分别达到了322.5%、49.3%、15.1%,全氮、易溶盐对其他组分影响增大,土壤肥力显著提升;两区域土壤电导率与易溶盐含量变化趋势相同,但工程治理区两者含量在土壤表层明显增加,应警惕发生地表盐渍化。     

格尔木河流域水文气象要素变化特征及其遥相关分析

格尔木河是青藏高原柴达木盆地的主要河流之一,为下游城市和察尔汗盐湖提供了重要的水资源,分析其水文气象要素变化趋势及特征对当地水资源开发利用和区域发展具有重要意义。为探究格尔木河流域水文气象要素的变化特征,基于格尔木河 1959年至 2017年期间的年平均径流、降雨和温度资料,采用线性趋势估计法、累计距平法以及滑动移除近似熵等方法进行研究,并基于小波分析开展与大尺度气候指标间的遥相关分析。趋势分析结果表明,格尔木河流域径流和温度具有显著的增大趋势,多年平均径流为 28.5m3/s,线性拟合结果为: y=0.3x-567.99,相关系数为 0.66;降雨序列总体趋势较为平稳,变化趋势不明显;温度每十年的升温幅度为 0.59℃,约为全球平均升温幅度的两倍。累计距平法分析得出径流和降雨均在 2005年发生变化,二者的累积距平曲线由持续下降转变为快速上升。结合 MC-ApEn方法和滑动 T检验法进行突变分析结果表明径流和温度均在 1983年附近发生突变,降雨突变信息不具有显著性。径流、降雨和温度之间在 1967年和 2010年分别存在 4年和 2年的高频周期信号,且径流与降雨的相关程度最大。遥相关分析结果表明流域降雨与五个指数的相关程度明显高于径流和温度,且 PDO与降雨最相关, DMI通过干扰西南暖湿气流会对径流产生影响, AO与气温显示出较强信号。     

深厚黄土地基浸水湿陷变形及竖向土压力作用分析

黄土地基浸水后的湿陷变形对黄土地区的工程建设具有重大影响,但以往研究对深厚黄土地基土浸水过程的湿陷特性及其土压力变化规律研究不够充分。以中兰铁路兰州新区南站某场地为例,开展现场浸水试验,对深厚湿陷性黄土场地的地表位移及地基深层湿陷变形进行监测,同时埋设土压力盒,对浸水湿陷过程中地基土的竖向土压力的变化规律进行分析。研究...     

新田的脱贫新“硒”望

正2000年开始,国土资源部和湖南省国土资源厅开始对新田展开对口扶贫工作。为了帮助新田早日脱贫致富,国土资源部门发挥自身优势,踏遍了新田的山山水水,进行地质勘查,发现新田所辖的1022平方公里土地均含硒元素,其中占56.77%的土壤面积都是富硒土壤。     

地理国情普查技术十四问

正湖南省第一次地理国情普查存在的技术问题主要有两个方面:一是新技术、新设备的使用不全面。因没确定好设备的型号,导致外业调绘核查系统在作业时没有及时到位,只能采用常规作业方式,影响了作业效率。二是基本统计软件不够完善,存在统计时间过长、效率不高和无法确认统计的结果是否正确等缺陷。现选取并整理部分"第一次全国地理国情普查首件成果分片技术交流会"中具有代表性的问题如下("问"为湖南,     

Soil and vegetation seasonal changes in the grazing Andean Mountain grasslands

Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna（Vicugna vicugna） and alpaca（Lama pacos）. The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined： total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. Thegood soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.     

Elevation,slope aspect and integrated nutrient management effects on crop productivity and soil quality in North-west Himalayas,India

On farm bio-resource recycling has been given greater emphasis with the introduction of conservation agriculture specifically withclimate change scenarios in the mid-hills of the north-west Himalaya region（NWHR）. Under this changing scenario, elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） may affect significantly soil quality and crop productivity. A study was conducted during 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 at the Ashti watershed of NWHR in a rainfed condition to examine the influence of elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） on soil resource and crop productivity. Two years of farm demonstration trials indicated that crop productivity and soil quality is significantly affected by elevation, slope aspect and INM. Results showed that wheat equivalent yield（WEY） of improved technology increased crop productivity by -20%-37% compared to the conventional system. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-17%. North aspect and higher elevation increased crop productivity by 15%-25% compared to south aspect and low elevation（except paddy）. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-15%. Irrespective of slope, elevation and cropping system, the WEY increased by -30% in this region due to INMtechnology. The influence of elevation, slope aspect and INM significantly affected soil resources（SQI） and soil carbon change（SCC）. SCC is significantly correlated with SQI for conventional（R2 = 0.65＊）, INM technology（R2 = 0.81＊） and for both technologies（R2 = 0.73＊）. It is recommended that at higher elevation.（except for paddy soils） with a north facing slope, INM is recommended for higher crop productivity; conservation of soil resources is recommended for the mid hills of NWHR; and single values of SCC are appropriate as a SQI for this region.     

Higher species diversity occurs in more fertile habitats without fertilizer disturbance in an alpine natural grassland community

Are there some relationships among species diversity and soil chemical properties of high altitude natural grasslands？ Plant community composition and chemical properties of soil samples were compared to investigate the relationship between soil and species diversity, and the richness in Tibetan alpine grasslands. Results showed that species diversity was significantly positively related to soil organic matter （SOM）, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, total phosphorus （TP）, available phosphorus （AP）, and available potassium （AK） in the high alpine grasslands. Margalefs species richness index was also significantly positively related to SOM, TN, AN, and TP. Most soil chemical properties showed significantly positive correlation with species diversity and Margalef＇s richness index. Our results suggested that higher plant species richness index and diversity occurred in more fertile soil habitats in high altitude natural grassland community. In practice, fertilization management for the restoration of degraded grassland should be conducted with reference to the nutrient levels ofnatural grassland without the additional artificial fertilizer and with higher species-diversity and richness index.     

Root structure,distribution and biomass in five multipurpose tree species of Western Himalayas

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The tree root distribution pattern and biomass of seventeen year old trees of Grewia optiva, Morus alba, Celtis australis, Bauhinia variegata and Robinia pseudoacacia were studied by excavation method. B. variegata roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 4.78 m, whereas, M. alba roots were found down to 1.48 m depth. Lateral spread was minimum in B. variegata （1.10 m）and maximum inR. pseudoacacia （7.33 m）. Maximum root biomass of 6.30 kg was found in R. pseudoacacia and minimum （2.43 kg） was found in M. alba. For four species viz.,G. optiva, M. alba, C. australis andR. pseudoacacia, 68%-87% root biomass occurred within top 0-30 cm soil depth, but forB. variegata this was only45%. The soil binding factor was maximum in G. optiva and minimum in B. variegata. Soil physico-chemical properties also showed wide variation. The study suggests thatB. variegata with a deep root system is the most suitable species for plantation under agroforestry systems. R. pseudoacacia and G. optiva with deep root systems, more lateral spread and high soil binding factor are suitable for plantation on degraded lands for soil conservation.     

Uptake and recovery of soil nitrogen by bryophytes and vascular plants in an alpine meadow

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.