新疆1999年仲夏洪水特性

分析了新疆1999年仲夏洪水的成因、分布特征和洪水特性,并与新疆历史上洪灾最严重的1996年洪水进行了比较分析。     

全球主要流域径流变化趋势分析与定量归因

受水文站数量与空间分布的制约,目前径流变化研究集中于区域或流域尺度,基于实测数据且综合考虑多种因子影响的全球尺度径流变化趋势归因尚待开展.基于此,本文整合多套站点实测径流数据,并提取各站点对应集水区范围的气象和植被数据,构建了当前站点数量最多、空间分布最完整的全球气象水文数据集.采用Mann-Kendall等趋势分析方法,检测了全球4 469个水文站点径流变化趋势;基于随机森林方法,建立全球径流变化趋势归因框架,定量评估了降水、潜在蒸散发、植被叶面积指数、融雪4个驱动因子对全球主要流域径流变化的影响.结果表明,全球径流变化以减少趋势为主,径流显著减少（增加）趋势站点占比28.2%(9.7%).植被变化主导了全球42.2%的水文站点径流变化趋势,高于降水（35.3%）、潜在蒸散发（12.5%）和融雪（10.0%）主导的站点.     

Global snowmelt flood disasters and their impact from 1900 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Under the background of climate warming, the occurrence time, frequency, intensity, and impact of snowmelt flood disasters have changed significantly. Thus, establishing a global snowmelt flood disaster database is particularly important for disaster risk management. With the help of a web crawler, and based on multiple data sources such as natural disaster databases, documents, books, government agency websites, and news media, this study collected relevant information of snowmelt floods and mixed floods and established standards for identifying snowmelt flood events and their disaster impacts based on data from the different sources. Following the screening, sorting, fusion, and integration of snowmelt flood events, a global snowmelt flood disaster dataset containing 579 pieces of data with strong pertinence and reliability was constructed. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of global snowmelt flood disasters from 1900 to 2020 were preliminarily analyzed. The results showed that the snowmelt floods were mainly distributed between 30° N and 60° N, with more mixed floods south of 50° N and more snowmelt floods north of 50° N. Spring was the period of highest incidence of snowmelt flood disasters, followed by winter, summer, and autumn, respectively. The snowmelt floods that occurred in spring, autumn, and winter were mainly at 40°~50° N, and the snowmelt floods that occurred in summer were mainly at 30°~40° N. Compared with the snowmelt floods, the mixed floods were more frequent and more destructive, and their frequency increased with climate warming. The results provide a scientific basis for risk prevention and loss assessment of global snowmelt flood disasters. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

基于栅格尺度的双层融雪径流模型研究及应用

以新疆天山北坡军塘湖河流域作为研究区,基于物理机制构建双层分布式融雪径流模型,利用研究区数字高程模型(DEM)提取流域信息,运用GIS技术与遥感技术获取积雪、植被、土壤等与融雪径流模型有关的地表信息,并结合WRF中尺度数值预报模式作为该模型气象驱动数据,对研究区融雪期进行模拟,结果显示:2009、2010年峰值模拟期间,实测与模拟径流过程线拟合度高,QR合格率分别达87%、90.85%。该模型适用性较好,对融雪洪水预警具有一定的参考价值。     

“基于风云气象卫星数据的新疆积雪及融雪型洪水监测研究”项目

一、项目背景伊犁河谷地区、塔额盆地和天山山区是新疆主要的融雪洪水爆发区,每年给当地交通、牧业、设施农业和人民生命财产等造成巨大损失。新疆积雪及融雪型洪灾在全国范围内具有典型的代表性,加之其地域宽广,大气条件好,利用遥感手段开展积雪及融雪型洪灾的监测是必然方向;FY-3气象卫星是我国新一代极轨气象卫星,加强FY-3气象卫星观测资料的应用已成为国家和区域气象部门的一项重要工作,因此,有必要应用FY-3资料在新疆地区开展针对积雪及融雪型洪灾的监测与应用研究。     

融雪入渗条件下边坡渗流计算及稳定性分析

本文利用饱和非饱和渗流有限元方法,参考积雪厚度、温度变化与融雪入渗关系统计资料,对积雪深度、气温变化以及坡度等不同条件进行了边坡融雪入渗渗流计算及稳定性分析。本文条件下计算结果表明:同一坡度下融雪入渗系数和坡面一定范围内的含水量及压力水头随积雪深度增加而增加,积雪深度达1.0m时,融雪入渗垂直影响范围为30.0m,边坡暂态饱和水位升高13m;相同积雪深度条件下,坡度越大,融雪入渗系数越小,坡内压力水头及含水量变化越小,30°边坡融雪入渗垂直影响范围最大为30.0m;同一积雪深度和坡度下,融雪入渗系数及坡面附近压力水头均与气温变化幅度呈正相关关系。根据极限平衡计算,边坡的稳定系数随着融雪过程的持续而降低,积雪深度、边坡坡度或温度变化越大,安全系数降低幅度越大;其中,坡度因子对边坡安全系数的影响最为显著,60°边坡受融雪影响安全系数降幅达9.7%。     

基于常规气象资料融雪模式的建立及应用

以能量平衡方程为基础,考虑太阳短波辐射、大气和地面的长波辐射、潜热、感热传输以及下垫面的热传导等能量之间的平衡,建立了利用常规气象观测资料预测雪面温度和积雪深度变化的融雪模型。利用2009年1—3月以及2009年12月—2010年1月在湖北恩施雷达站的积雪观测数据进行模拟和验证,结果表明：该模型对于雪面温度和积雪深度都有较好的模拟效果。当下垫面导热系数λg〈0.5时,下垫面对雪深的影响很小;当λg≥0.5时,积雪融化速度随λg的增大而加快,说明下垫面的热传导是影响积雪深度变化的主要因素之一。     

基于能量平衡的融雪期雪层水热过程研究

积雪融化过程是能量驱动下积雪相态变化的物理过程,受众多因素影响。为定量描述积雪消融过程,本文依据能量平衡和水量平衡原理,构建单层融雪模型。利用该模型分析了天山北坡军塘湖流域点尺度积雪融化过程中能量项和融雪水量变化情况,模型模拟结果与实测值较为符合,该模型有助于理解季节性积雪区积雪融化物理变化过程,为寒区水资源的管理和利用等提供理论依据。     

Numerical simulation of sensitivities of snow melting to spectral composition of the incoming solar radiation

Snow albedo is an important factor influencing the snow surface energy budget and snow melting, yet uncertainties remain in the calculation of spectrally resolved snow surface albedo because the spectral composition (visible versus near infrared) of the incident solar radiation is seldom available. The influence of the spectral composition of the incoming solar radiation on the snow surface albedo, snow surface energy budget, and final snow ablation is investigated through sensitivity experiments of four snow seasons at two open sites in the Alps by using a multi-layer Snow-Atmosphere-Soil-Transfer scheme (SAST). Since the snow albedo in the near infrared (NIR) spectral band is significantly lower than that in the visible (VIS) band, and almost the entire NIR part of the solar radiation is absorbed in the top layer of the snow pack, given a fixed amount of incoming solar radiation, a lower VIS/NIR ratio implies that more NIR radiation is reaching the ground surface and more is absorbed by the top layer of the snow pack, therefore, speeding up the snow melting and increasing the surface runoff, although a lesser part of the solar radiation in the visible band is transmitted into and trapped by the sub-layer of the snow pack. The above VIS/NIR ratio effect of the incoming solar radiation can result in a couple of days difference in the timing of snow ablation and it becomes more significant in late spring when the total solar radiation is intensified with seasonal evolution. Snow aging also slightly intensifies this VIS/NIR ratio effect.     

“99”新疆特大混合型洪水的气象成因分析

分析了 1999年夏季处在干旱半干旱地区的新疆发生的特大混合型洪水的气象成因 ,指出由于高空迅速持续升温引起高山积雪大面积融化加上山区局地暴雨 ,二者共同作用是造成 1999年新疆夏季特大混合型洪水的主要原因。冰雪融化成分显著 ,是 1999年夏季洪水的重要特征 ,文中分析了其可预报性 ,强调了对夏季高山积雪监测的重要性。