围栏对新疆山区草地植被下土壤动物多样性的影响

通过对新疆典型山区草地———高山草甸、亚高山草甸、高山草原和亚高山草原野外实地监测,比较了草原围栏内外土壤动物的类群组成、个体数量及生态分布,讨论了围栏这一人为手段对山区草地植被下土壤动物的影响:土壤动物多样性为围栏内高于围栏外,但是受构建时间的限制,围栏内外差异不显著。土壤动物类群数和个体数的分布主要取决于草原植被、土壤有机质、土壤含水率等因子。     

若尔盖地区典型湿地NDVI动态特点分析

本文基于NOAA/AVHRR,将若尔盖地区典型湿地与草地的归一化植被指数(NDVI)进行对比研究的结果表明,湿地NDVI的年变化特点与草地NDVI的年变化特点存在明显差别.其中,多时相NDVI样本法,湿地NDVI年的变化为单峰值型,草地NDVI为双峰值型;夏季草地与湿地NDVI的差值(△NDVI)较大,可以作为湿地的主要判识因子;冬半年△NDVI 很小.NDVI月最大值法,各月的△NDVI均较小,夏半年△NDVI为双峰值型.上述特点与当地月降水量呈现相关性.     

青藏高原草地生态系统土壤有机碳动态特征

青藏高原草地碳动态对区域乃至全球碳循环都有非常重要的影响. 采用生态系统碳循环模型—CENTURY模型4.5版本探讨了青藏高原草地生态系统土壤有机碳(0~20 cm)在1960~2002年间的年际动态变化特征及其区域分异特征. CENTURY模型模拟的地上部分生物量与土壤表层有机碳与实测结果有较好的一致性. 从1960~2002年, 8个典型草地生态系统土壤有机碳含量表现出明显年际的波动, 变化幅度随生态系统土壤有机碳含量增加而增大; 青藏高原草地有机碳总量和主要草地生态系统有机碳总量也呈现出明显的年际变化, 而以1990~2000年期间的年际变化幅度最大, 在这期间主要生态系统有机碳总量都呈现出先上升而后迅速下降的变化. 土壤有机碳含量的区域分布特征表现出从东南向西北降低的地带性分异, 同时在东北和东南表现出非地带性分异特征. 该研究表明: 近40年来青藏高原典型草地生态系统随气候变动有比较敏感的响应, 同时, 在假定生态系统生理特性不变的条件下, 近10年来的气候变动增加了青藏高原草地土壤有机碳的积累和排放速度.     

Comparison of CO2 Effluxes and Their Driving Factors Between Two Temperate Steppes in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil respiration is a key component of the global terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. The static opaque chamber method was used to measure the CO2 effluxes from soil of a semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and a Stipa krylovii steppe in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China from March 2002 to December 2004. The results indicated that the soil respiration rates of the semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and the Stipa krylovii steppe were both relatively high from mid-May to mid-September of each year and remained low during the rest of the year. The minimum value of soil respiration occurred in December or January and negative effluxes of CO2 appeared for several days during the non-growing season of individual years at the two sampling sites. A high annual variation was found in the two steppes with the coefficients of variance (CV) being over 94%, even high to 131%. The annual sums of soil CO2 efflux of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe varied between 356.4 gC m?2 yr?1 and 408.8 gC m?2 yr?1, while those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in the three years were in the range of 110.6 gC m?2 yr?1 to 148.6 gC m?2 yr?1. The mean respiration rates of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe were significantly higher than those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in different statistical periods with the exception of the non-growing season. About 59.9% and 80.6% of the soil respiration variations in both steppes for the whole sampling period were caused by the changes of temperature and soil water content. In the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe, the soil respiration rate has significant or extremely significant positive correlation (r = 0.58 ? 0.85, p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) with air temperature and ground temperature of the topsoil except in 2002; the unique contributions of temperature change to the soil respiration variation of the three years were 53.3%, 81.0% and 58.6%, respectively. But, for the Stipa krylovii steppe in the same time interval, the soil water content (especially that of the 10–20 cm layer) has a greater effect on the change of soil respiration, and the unique contributions of the change of the 10–20 cm soil water content to the variations of soil respiration in 2002 and 2003 were 60.0% and 54.3%, respectively. In 2004, in spite of the higher contribution of temperature than soil water content, the contribution of ground temperature at a depth of 10 cm was only 46.2%, much weaker than that of any single year in the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe.     

青藏高原东部RM孔140ka以来湖泊碳酸盐同位素记录的古气候特征

通过若尔盖盆地RM孔湖泊化学沉积碳酸盐氧、碳同位素代用指标,重建了该区近140ka以来的古气候演化历史,其中末次冰期气候至少存在有7次暖波动及5次冷事件,其波动特征可与冰芯及深海记录相比较;而末次间冰期内部的次级波动与格陵兰冰芯GRIP氧同位素记录相一致,早期的Eemian暖期也存在两次冷波动.研究结果揭示了末次间冰期和冰期气候的不稳定性.色素和碳酸盐含量指标也具有与氧同位素记录相似的结果.     

整合陆地表面温度与植被指数信息进行地表覆盖变化研究

利用植被指数(NDVI)的多时相或时序资料进行地表覆盖研究已取得了大量成果。随着陆地表面温度(LST)遥感反演精度的不断提高,将LST与NDVI结合起来进行地表植被动态变化的监测已成为可能。选择我国北方草地及其东南部毗邻的农牧交错带(farmingpastoralzone)为研究区。该区位于内蒙古高原东南边缘和黄土高原北部,半干旱气候,经纬度范围为:35°～50°N,100°～125°E。     

青藏铁路建设中高寒草原植被恢复与再造技术的研究

对青藏铁路高寒草原植被恢复与再造的试验研究工作进行了综述分析，通过对青藏铁路建设中沱沱河试验段工程取土场的现场调查和植被恢复试验研究，结果表明：工程活动后取土场的土壤条件变化很大，质量明显下降，为做好青藏线建设过程中的植被恢复与重建，应切实作好表土回填工作，从现场试验结果来看，披碱草、早熟禾等均能较好地适应高寒草原的取土场环境，植物在生长季节能正常生长，在植被恢复的时间选择上应尽量利用青藏高原雨热同季的特点，可提高植被恢复的成功率。     

内蒙古扎鲁特旗土地利用方式及强度对草原群落的影响

内蒙古扎鲁特旗位于北方农牧交错带区域，近期对其草原植被的调查分析表明：人类不合理的土地利用方式及过大的土地利用强度对该地草原植被造成严重影响，草原面积缩小、植被退化严重，草场质量下降。人口激增引发的土地利用方式由牧向农的转化（垦草为粮）以及草地利用强度的加大（超载过牧）是造成该区草原植被退化的主要原因。改变土地利用方式、围栏禁牧是实现退化草原植被恢复演替的有效措施。