Damming of large river by debris flow: Dynamic process and particle composition

The frequency and extent of debris flows have increased tremendously due to the extreme weather and the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Previous studies focused on the debris flow from gullies damming the mountain streams. In this paper, an equation for the run-out distance of debris flow in the main river is proposed based on the dynamic equation of debris flow at different slopes given by Takahashi. By undertaking field investigations and flume experiments, a new calculation method of the volume of debris flow damming large river is obtained. Using the percolation theory and the renormalization group theory it was deduced that the large particles should comprise more than 50% for forming a stable debris flow dam. Hence, the criteria of damming large river by debris flow is presented in terms of run-out distance and grain composition which was then validated through the event of damming river by debris flow at Gaojia gully, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, Sichuan, China, on July 3, 2011.     

恒星天文学之父——威廉·赫歇尔

欧洲计划在2009年发射“赫歇尔”（Herschel）空间望远镜,其镜片直径达3.5米,远超哈勃空间望远镜（镜片直径为2.4米）,它将成为有史以来最大的空间望远镜。威廉·赫歇尔是18世纪著名的天文学家,他不仅发现了天王星,还开创了恒星天文学,他研究并假设（某些）星云是由恒星组成,提出著名的恒星演化学说;他不仅在天文望远镜的发展史上留下永不磨灭的足迹,而且是当时最伟大的观测天文学家,为恒星天文学的建立奠定了第一块基石,在天文学史上他被誉为“恒星天文学之父”。     

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.     

成都理工大学地球化学专业简介

地球化学是研究地球的化学组成、化学作用和化学演化的科学,归属于地质学一级学科。成都理工大学地球化学专业是以学士、硕士、博士三级学位授权点和博士后科研     

苔藓生物结皮层腐殖质组成变化特征研究

腐殖质组成是表征土壤化学性质的主要指标之一,在某种程度对评价风沙土的发育过程具有意义。采集了不同气候区沙地沙漠苔藓生物结皮层样品,采用重铬酸钾容量法和光密度法测定了苔藓结皮层腐殖质组成含量和胡敏酸吸光特性。结果表明：随着干燥指数的增加,苔藓结皮层有机质含量由14.93 g·kg^-1降低到9.89 g·kg^-1,腐殖酸总量由5.1 g·kg^-1降低到2.0 g·kg^-1,胡敏酸含量由2.9 g·kg^-1降低到 0.7 g·kg^-1,富里酸含量由2.2 g·kg^-1降低到1.3 g·kg^-1,胡敏酸与富里酸比值（HA/FA）由1.32降低到0.54,E₄/E₆比值则由4.28增加到5.83。苔藓结皮层腐殖质组成含量及胡敏酸吸光特性具有地带性变化趋势,并影响着生物结皮层及流动风沙土的发育演变过程。     

利用海洋微藻制备生物柴油的研究进展

世界能源危机和环境问题的日益加剧,使越来越多的人开始关注到清洁的可再生能源。生物柴油是一种新兴的可再生生物质能,清洁环保,易生物降解,燃烧后排放的氮氧化物和CO2少,且可直接用于现有的柴油发动机,因此成为了一种良好的化石燃料替代物[1]。     

2017年洞庭湖特大洪水分析

2017年6月22日至7月1日,湖南省大部分地区发生了持续性强降雨过程。暴雨在湘水、资江、沅水及洞庭湖区来回摆动,三水(湘、资、沅)及湖区周边洪水接近于同时入湖,造成了洞庭湖历史罕见的特大洪水,入湖洪峰出湖洪峰均为1954年以来最大。     

哈罗铁路沿线沉积物粒度特征

哈罗铁路开通对沿线资源的开发具有重要意义,然而自开通以来饱受风沙危害.对铁路沿线及防沙体系内沉积物粒度特征参数进行了对比分析,以期为该线风沙危害的科学防治提供有益参考.结果表明:(1)铁路沿线沉积物组成以中细沙为主,灌丛沙地分选性中等至很差,偏度以近对称为主,峰度中等至很窄;戈壁区沉积物整体分选性较差,偏度以极正偏为主...     

一种新的海洋经济微藻——粉核油球藻

以Pinguiococcuspyrenoidosus CCMP 2004为实验藻种,研究分析了藻粉的基本生化组成和培养周期中PUFAs组成与含量的动态变化.结果表明,该藻的蛋白质量分数为37.54%,粗脂肪为27.45%,其中PUFAs包括18:2,18:3,18:4,20:4(AA,Arachidonic acid),20:5(EPA,Eicosapentaenoic acid),22:4(DTA,Docosatetraenoic acid)和22:6(DHA,Docosahexaenoic acid).该藻PUFAs的组成特征是EPA含量高,质量分数为20.93%,其他不饱和脂肪酸(16 : 3,16:4,18:3和18 : 4)的含量极微.分析结果显示粉核油球藻的营养价值较高,是一种新的具有商业化开发潜力的海洋微藻.     

2005-2006年间粤西云浮市大气降水化学特征

对2005-2006年间在粤西云浮市采集到的40场降水样品进行降水化学分析。结果表明,降水离子的平均浓度为730．62μeq／L,高于云南丽江、青海瓦里关山、香港、广东广州和鹤山等地,大气污染比较严重;降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca^2＋和NH^4＋,阴离子成分是SO4^2-和NO^3-,共占离子总浓度的83％;离子浓度高值出现在降水偏少的汛期过渡期,低值则发生在降水丰沛的前汛期、主汛期和台风雨期;云浮降水离子浓度受地壳来源、工业交通污染影响较大,海洋源影响较小。