西藏那曲地区40多年来降水趋势变化气候分析

利用藏北高原西藏那曲地区6个气象站1971—2011年逐年月降水量、降水日数资料,通过线性倾向估计、多阶曲线模拟和Mann-Kendall法等气候统计学诊断方法,对近41年来降水趋势变化的地理分布以及年内、年际变化规律进行了分析,并进行突变检测。结果表明:近41年来,那曲地区年降水量总体呈增加趋势,经历了由偏少到偏多的2个周期;降水增加夏季最明显,各站在6.48~20.40 mm/(10 a),冬季变化很小;日降水量≥0.1 mm日数年际周期变化与降水量变化基本一致,增加趋势空间分布呈东南向西北递减形势;自1996年开始各站降水增加趋势明显,1999年发生气候突变可能性较大。     

A new MODIS daffy cloud free snow cover mapping algorithm on the Tibetan Plateau

Because of similar reflective characteristics of snow and cloud, the weather status seriously affects snow monitoring using optical remote sensing data. Cloud amount analysis during 2010 to 2011 snow seasons shows that cloud cover is the major limitation for snow cover monitoring using MOD10A1 and MYD10A1. By use of MODIS daily snow cover products and AMSR-E snow wa- ter equivalent products （SWE）, several cloud elimination methods were integrated to produce a new daily cloud flee snow cover product, and information of snow depth from 85 climate stations in Tibetan Plateau area （TP） were used to validate the accuracy of the new composite snow cover product. The results indicate that snow classification accuracy of the new daily snow cover product reaches 91.7% when snow depth is over 3 cm. This suggests that the new daily snow cover mapping algorithm is suitable for monitoring snow cover dynamic changes in TP.     

天气、气候影响评述

2014年7—9月江西省气温略偏高,降水接近常年,日照时数偏少。江西省出现了多次大范围的强对流性暴雨天气,部分地区农业生产受灾严重,局部地区出现山体滑坡、山洪等地质灾害;先后出现5轮高温天气过程,赣南高温日数创耪高;8月中旬罕见的持续低温阴雨天气对农业生产有不利影响。     

重要天气过程概述

<正>1暴雨过程据气象记录统计,江西省4—6月发生区域性暴雨天气平均每年9.5次,并有时出现连续性暴雨过程。2014年4—6月全省暴雨日数较历史同期偏多,10站以上暴雨日数达11 d,频繁的暴雨致使局部出现洪涝灾害和地质灾害。其中5月出现了6次暴雨过程,分别是5月4日、8—11日、13—15日、17—18日、21—22日、24—25日,5月累计降雨量为有完整气象记录以来历年同期第7多。6月17—23日暴雨和     

Thermodynamic properties of snow cover on sea ice during the austral summer in Prydz Bay,East Antarctica

The thermodynamic properties of snow cover on sea ice play a key role in the ice-ocean-atmosphere system and have been a focus of recent scientific research. In this study, we investigated the thermodynamic properties of snow cover on sea ice in the Nella Fjord, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica(69°20′S, 76°07′E), near the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station. Our observations were carried out during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. We found that the vertical temperature profile of snow cover changed considerably in response to changes in air temperature and solar radiation during the summer. Associated with the changes in the temperature profile were fluctuations in the temperature gradient within the upper 10 cm of the snow cover. Results of previous research have shown that the thermal conductivity of snow is strongly correlated with snow density. To calculate the thermal conductivity in this study, we measured densities in three snow pits. The calculated thermal conductivity ranged from 0.258–0.569 W?m-1?K-1. We present these datasets to show how involved parameters changed, and to contribute to a better understanding of melting processes in the snow cover on sea ice.     

绵阳市度日数特征及其变化趋势分析

从20世纪50年代以来,度日数一直作为气候变化与供暖关系的一个综合评价指标。基于全球变暖可能对我国供暖天数和温度产生深刻的影响,本文采用绵阳市1946~2005年共49年的日最低、最高气温资料,分析了绵阳市度日数年变化特征,并对其进行了趋势分析。结果表明:绵阳市历年供暖度日数最小值处于1998年,比1976年最大值低93.5%,10a年均供暖度日数变化趋势为二次曲线;制冷度日数波动性很大,1960~1979年在1500℃·d左右波动,1979~1990年在1400℃·d左右波动,1990年以后基本处于1500℃·d以上,10a年均制冷度日数拟合趋势曲线为三次曲线。基于Mann-Kendall(M-K)检验法,在α=0.05水平下,对绵阳市供暖和制冷度日数进行检验,研究发现:供暖度日数明显减少,1992年为突变起始年份;制冷度日数波动增长,且自1997年起突变。     

A Dipole Pattern of Summer Precipitation over Mid-high Latitude Asia and Related Snow Cover Anomalies in the Preceding Spring

A dipole pattern of summer precipitation over the mid-high latitudes of Asia, which is characterized by opposing summer precipitation variations between the Mongolian and Northeast China （MNC） region and the West Siberian Plain （WSP）, is found to be clear and stable on both interdecadal and interannual scales during 1981- 2011. Spring snow cover anomalies over a small region within the WSP and the Heilongjiang River （HR） region are closely related to the variation of this dipole mode during the subsequent summer, and they can therefore be considered as forecasting factors. Our statistical results imply a potential process explaining the relationship between the spring snow anomalies and the summer rainfall dipole. Corresponding to the snow anomalies, Rossby waves propagate along a path from the WSP region, via the Mongolian Plateau, to the Stanovoy Range during summer. At the same time, Rossby-wave energy divergences and convergences along this path maintain and reinforce an anomalous cyclone and anticyclone pairing over the Asian continent, which is significantly linked to opposite summer precipitation anomalies between the MNC and WSP regions. Numerical experiments are need- ed to further confirm the above conjecture and demonstrate the detailed physical mechanisms linking the spring snow cover anomalies and summer precipitation dipole.     

近50年果洛地区积雪的气候特征分析

利用果洛6县自建站至2011年近50年的地面积雪日数、积雪深度等资料,对果洛积雪的气候特征进行了较为全面的分析。通过气候倾向率的分析发现:近50年来,果洛地区玛沁、达日、班玛、久治的积雪日数呈增加趋势,玛多变化不大,甘德每十年减少1.2天。从最长积雪日数、积雪深度的资料分析看:玛多、甘德、达日、久治是最易发生雪灾的地区,其中玛多、甘德、达日是特大雪灾的易发地;玛沁、班玛是出现雪灾最少的地方。从积雪增量的变化看近50年来果洛积雪增量经历了一次由多到少的转变过程,积雪增量的这种变化与积雪日数的年变化相一致。     

被动微波遥感雪深反演混合像元问题研究EI北大核心CSCD

积雪深度是反映地表积雪量变化的重要因子,是水文模型和气候模式中的重要参数之一。被动微波遥感以其穿云透雾、对雪层信息敏感等特点,被广泛应用于雪深的反演研究中。被动微波传感器的低空间分辨率(数千米至数十千米)及地表覆盖的复杂性,使星载被动微波遥感影像中的混合像元现象十分突出,严重制约了被动微波雪深遥感监测的应用和发展。目前,被动微波遥感雪深反演中的混合像元问题研究仍存在着诸多挑战:①理论支撑不足,对被动微波混合像元亮温响应特征及影响机制的研究尚不充分;②针对混合像元问题所发展的被动微波雪深反演算法,对地表异质性特征考虑不足。     

HJ-1B的积雪参数反演研究

积雪参数如雪盖、雪深是标示气候变化的敏感因子,具有较高时空分辨率的HJ-1B卫星是专门用于灾害监测与评估业务的国产卫星之一,开展以HJ-1B为主的积雪参数反演对于我国国产卫星的理论研究与深入应用具有重要意义。本文针对积雪参数反演,根据HJ卫星CCD和IRS传感器的数据特征,深入分析积雪等典型地物的光谱特性,而后针对同时具有HJ-1B/CCD、IRS数据和只有CCD或者IRS传感器数据3种情况展开积雪信息提取方法研究;在进行浅雪区雪深反演时,利用两种不同的统计回归模型进行交叉验证、研究对比。研究结果表明,3种情况下提取出的积雪精度都达到了80%以上,以第1种情况提取精度最高,两种统计模型反演出的浅雪区雪深的一致度达到83%左右,说明HJ星数据能较好地反演雪盖及浅雪区的雪深,能满足实际应用的需要。