三疣梭子蟹(portunus trituberculatus)不同地理种群内自繁和种群间杂交子一代生长性状的比较

采用不同地理种群体内自繁和种群间杂交的方法,进行了自繁和杂交子一代生长性状的比较研究.结果表明,80日龄时的杂交子一代在各项指标都表现出一定的杂种优势(0.24%-13.50%),LS在这5个性状中都高于zL.100日龄时杂交子一代表现出的杂种优势有所下降,杂种优势率在-0.88%-4.13%之间,甲长表现出杂种劣势.120日龄时杂交子一代的杂种优势范围为-1.91%-4.37%,甲长、甲宽表现出杂种劣势.可见不同杂交组合、不同性状、不同时间表现出的杂种优势有显著差异.AN0vA分析表明:80日龄、100日龄、120日龄时,5个生长性状在群体之间存在极显著差异.实验结果表明:三疣梭子蟹4个杂交子一代在生长性状上存在一定程度的杂种优势,可见种内群体间杂交是培育三疣梭子蟹优良新品系的重要方法之一.     

中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)5个不同地理种群细胞色素b基因序列变异及种群遗传结构分析

利用线粒体细胞色素b基因序列对中华鳖5个不同地理种群(太湖群体、日本群体、江西群体、台湾群体和乌鳖群体)的种群遗传结构进行分析.以特异引物进行PCR扩增,获得了408bp的基因片断序列.序列分析结果表明,在31个中华鳖个体中,共检测到17个变异位点,获得8种单倍型.日本群体的2种单倍型在其他4个群体中都未检测到,为该群体所特有,日本种群与其他4个群体的遗传距离最远.除日本群体缺乏主体单倍型外,其他4个群体共同拥有主体单倍型Hap.1,江西群体、台湾群体和乌鳖群体的单倍型类型都和其他群体共同享有,没有其特异的单倍型.MP法和NJ法构建的系统发生树显示日本群体的两种单倍型以很高的置信度聚成一支,这与其地理分布存在一定的相关性,其序列上的差异,可以成为种群鉴别的分子标记;另外4个群体的6种单倍型聚合成一大支,但同一个地理区域的群体并未聚成一类,未按照地理位置形成明显的地理格局.     

除草剂百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)摄食和实验种群动态的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了除草剂百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的摄食和种群动态的影响。结果表明,百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫的24hLC50为9.17mg/L,对褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食具有明显的抑制作用。实验浓度下褶皱臂尾轮虫对小球藻的滤水率和摄食率随百草枯浓度的增加先下降后升高。百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群动态影响显著,使轮虫的胚胎发育时间、繁殖前期和繁殖后期延长,繁殖期和平均寿命缩短,产卵量和繁殖率降低。轮虫的净生殖率和世代时间均低于对照,不同百草枯浓度下轮虫能够维持一定的种群增长。     

西南极企鹅栖息地粪土层生物标志物记录和实测群落结构变化与ENSO的响应

采用210Pb进行年代测定,建立了西南极阿德雷岛AD2企鹅粪土地层的类脂生物标志物时间序列,应用粪土层记录的环境冷暖指标脂肪酸分子nC18:2/nC18:0比值变化,反映1931~2006年以来西南极地区几次短期气候冷暖变化事件,它们在年代和形式上与ENSO事件相互对应,且低值出现在2~3和6~7cm处的2个ENSO年结束年(1958和1983年),反映了记录在南极沉积地层中的ENSO信号可能有一个时间滞后效应.研究结果还显示,AD2粪土层正构烷烃主峰碳(MH)C23的相对丰度、C23/C17、轻组分与重组分比值(C21/C22+)、碳优势指数CPI等的变化不仅反映了土壤菌藻微生物与低等植被的相对变化,而且也与气候变化具有密不可分的联系.细菌脂肪酸很好地记录了近75年来该地区经历了两次明显的细菌变化,细菌脂肪酸iC15:0/aC15:0比值敏锐地反映了这一地区在这两个时期微生物作用明显增大,且均发生在ENSO结束年,同时段的脂肪酸组分CPIA值降低,C21/C22+增高,表明微生物为粪土层贡献低碳数的脂肪酸分子,与Pr/Ph没有太大相关性,这种变化反映了微生物及细菌在南极这个相对简单的生态系统中扮演了重要角色,无疑微生物的活动与气候冷暖条件密切关联.另外结合企鹅群落实测研究表明,鸟类数量变化在一定程度上是可以反映全球气候变化对群落生态系统的影响.     

天文望远镜子镜超磁致伸缩驱动器驱动模型及参数识别

采用超磁致伸缩驱动器(GMA,Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator)驱动拼接镜面天文望远镜子镜,并建立GMA精密位移驱动准确模型。针对传统遗传算法在辨识GMA位移模型参数时容易过早收敛到次优解的问题,提出了基于分层遗传算法(HGA,HierarchicalGenetic Algorithm)的参数识别方法,其结果在改善驱动位移模拟准确性和提高求解初期种群多样性,相对于其他算法都有较大程度的提高。研究通过与实验结果对比验证了所提出参数辨识方法和建立模型的有效性,位移预测值和实验值的平均偏离值不超过满行程的1.3%。研究还就驱动磁场强度幅值和预应力等因素对滞回、损耗、饱和磁化强度、饱和磁致伸缩量等模型参数的影响进行了分析。     

三峡库区短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)新建种群的年龄结构、生长特征及遗传多样性分析

2019~2020年在三峡库区巫山(WS)、万州(WZ)、丰都(FD)、涪陵(FL)4个采样点采集到新建短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)种群153尾个体,基于鳞片和10个微卫星DNA标记进行年龄结构、生长特征与遗传多样性分析。结果显示,短颌鲚种群体长分布范围为102.1~301.6mm,平均体长(196.6±40.0)mm;体重分布范围为1.90~79.70g,平均体重(17.70±13.06)g。短颌鲚种群年龄组为1~5龄,其中2龄和3龄为优势年龄组,占总个体数的82.35%。体长-体重呈幂函数指数关系,属于正异速生长类型。微卫星DNA标记分析结果显示,10个微卫星位点共检测到82个等位基因,各群体平均等位基因数(N_a)为5.600 0~7.300 0,平均有效等位基因数(N_e)为3.541 4~3.831 5,平均观测杂合度(H_o)为0.617 7~0.700 0,平均期望杂合度(H_e)为0.682 3~0.702 9之间,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.628 5~0.648 4。4个群体的遗传多样性水平均较高,呈现出由三峡库区下游至上游逐渐减小的特点。遗传结构分析结果显示,群体间遗传分化水平很低,遗传变异主要来源于个体内部。结果表明,三峡库区短颌鲚种群处于快速扩张阶段,4个群体均具有较丰富的遗传多样性,遗传结构未发生显著群体分化,群体间基因交流频繁。由此提示,三峡库区短颌鲚很可能来源于三峡大坝下种群扩张迁入三峡库区水域而繁殖建群。     

普里兹湾邻近海域大磷虾的种群结构研究

本文依据 1 989/ 1 990和 1 990 / 1 991南极夏季在普里兹湾邻近海域所获取的拖网样品 ,对大磷虾 (Euphausia superba Dana)的种群结构进行了分析。体长频数分布表明 ,种群中主要包括4个年龄组 ,即 1 + 、2 + 、3 + 、和 4+ 龄。 5 + 和 5龄以上的高龄组所含比重很小 (<3 %)。雌性临产个体 (3 DF)的体长频数分布表明 ,大磷虾的初次性成熟年龄为 3龄。生殖群体也以 3 +龄为主 ,4+龄次之。种群组成存在着明显的地区差异。普里兹湾以北海域是典型的双态分布 ,1 + 龄占有相当大比重 ;测区东西两侧以成体虾为主 ,极少有 1 + 龄虾。种群组成的年际变化也是明显的 ,特别表现在补充群体 (1 + 龄 )的强度上     

大白鲨

<正>大白鲨最早出现于中新世中期。最古老的化石已经有1600万年之久,是唯一现存的噬人鲨属的成员。因此其生存非常困难,可以说每一只大白鲨的存在都是生命进化的奇迹,恰如白垩纪的恐龙一样。由于大白鲨的数量正不断减少,濒临灭绝,故大白鲨现已被列为世界保护物种,禁止猎杀。因其体积大且具攻击性而被认为是海洋杀手,并且被拍摄成同名电影和制作成同名游戏。     

巴基斯坦国日本金线鱼（Nemipterus japonicus）种群动力学的研究

Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus(Bloch, 1791) is among the most abundant and commercially important species in Pakistan. From the coast of Pakistan, four demersal trawl surveys in October–November 2009 and May–June, August, October and November in 2010 were carried out. The purpose of this study is to estimate the population dynamics and status of the stock of the N. japonicus from Pakistani waters based on the research trawl surveys from the research area. The data consist of n=784 length-weight pairs and n=7 530 length frequency with the maximum length and weight of 29 cm and 358 g respectively. The length frequency data were analyzed using ELEFAN method in FiSAT computer package. The parameters of length and weight relationship were b=2.778, a=0.032 and R2=0.973. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were L∞=30.45 cm, K=0.270 year-1. Based on length-converted catch curve analysis the total mortality(Z) during this study was estimated at 0.960 year-1. The natural mortality coefficient(M) was 0.74 year-1 using Pauly's equation(the annual average sea surface temperature was 27°C), therefore, the fishing mortality coefficients(F) were 0.22 year-1. The yield per recruit analysis indicated that when tc was 2, Fmax was estimated at 1.2 and F0.1 at 1.1. When tc was 1, Fmax was estimated at 0.95 and F0.1 at 0.8. Because current age at first capture is about 1 year and Fcurrent was 0.22, Fcurrent is smaller than F0.1 and Fmax, which indicated that the fishery is about in a safe condition. When using Gulland(1971) biological reference point, Fopt was equals to M(0.74). The current fishing mortality rate of 0.22 was smaller than the target biological reference point.     

端足类无法抑制富营养化潟湖——筼筜湖石莼(Ulva lactuca)生物量的积累

The Gross growth efficiency(GGE) is defined as the amount of consumer carbon produced relative to the amount of prey ingested in a given time interval. In population ecology, it can be considered as an index for the ability of a consumer to convert the biomass of food into its population production. In this study, it was firstly applied to estimate the role of amphipods grazing in the biomass dynamics of macroalgae(Ulva lactuca) in Yundang Lagoon(a subtropical eutrophic coastal lagoon, Xiamen City, China). It was found that amphipods were the dominant group(82.2%–98.7%) in the benthic assemblage, in which five amphipod species(Corophium uenoi, Ampithoe valida, Grandidierella japonica, Grammaropsis laevipalmata and Caprella panantis) were observed in the lagoon. However, only A. valida significantly consumed U. lactuca among these amphipod species. A series of experiments were conducted to estimate the consumption of U. lactuca by A. valida. It was suggested that the monthly secondary production(P) of A. valida using size frequency method ranged from 2.39 to 13.68 g/m2. GGE of A. valida exponentially reduced with body size and was closely associated with water temperature. Therefore, GGE equation for different months using the temperature recorded during the field investigation was fitted. The monthly consumption of U. lactuca was figured out to be 86.7–1 549.0 g/m2 by the sum of consumption(P/GGE) by A. valida at different size, accounting for 2.0%–37.5% of U. lactuca production. It indicates that the grazing effect of A. valida did play a role in reducing the accumulation of U. lactuca biomass when A. valida was abundant, but it finally fails to limit the U. lactuca growth in Yundang Lagoon. Low abundance of A. valida and high nutrient loading may be two major reasons for the outbreak of U. lactuca bloom in the lagoon.