不朽的都江堰

都江堰利用“深淘滩,低做堰”的流体力学原理：鱼嘴是修建在江心的分水堤坝,把汹涌的岷江分隔成外江和内江。外江排洪。内江引水灌溉。飞沙堰起泄洪、排沙和调节水量的作用。宝瓶口控制进水流量。内江水经过宝瓶口流入川西平原灌溉农田。     

Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation events on China＇s rice production

This paper aims to demonstrate the relationships between ENSO and rice production of Jiangxi province in order to identify the reason that ENSO might have little effect on Chinese rice production. Using a data set with measures of Jiangxi’s climate and rice production, we find the reason that during 1985 and 2004 ENSO’s well correlated with rainfall did not promote Chinese rice production. First, the largest effects of ENSO mostly occur in the months when there is no rice in the field. Second, there is almost no temperature effect. Finally, the monthly distribution of rainfall is almost the same in ENSO and neutral years because the largest effects are during months when there is the least rain. In addition, due to the high irrigation share and reliable and effective irrigation facilities of cultivated land, China’s rice production is less climate-sensitive.     

栖霞市丘陵区清洁能源节水灌溉新模式探索

栖霞市水务局为有效解决栖霞资源性缺水,减少农业灌溉成本,提高全市果品效益,2008年栖霞市水务局与中国水科院合作,选择具有典型山地丘陵贫水区,开展清洁能源节水灌溉模式研究与推广应用项目建设,取得初步成效。该项目建设费用少、效益高、省时省力,节水节能效益显著,符合广大农民的实际需要,在山地丘陵区具有非常广阔的发展前景。     

Desertification Reversion in Relation to Land Use Change and Climate in Naiman County, Inner-Mongolia, China

Analyses of desertified land and land use change in Naiman County of Inner-Mongolia showed that there was a fluctuated in-crease of rain-fed cropland in the period from 1951 to 1960, then decreased until the middle of the 1990＇s, then increased again, while irrigated cropland consistently increased. The woodland and build-up land consistently increased while grassland area de-creased. The area of water body increased from 1975 to 1995 and then decreased while river beach decreased. Wetland change fluctuated with a maximum of 303.53km2 in 1995 and a minimum of 62.08 km2 in 2002. Invasion of cropland into river beach does not only change land coverage on the beach, but also the hydrological process of the river systems and deeply influence wa-ter availability. The correlation between cropland and underground water table is negative and significant. Increase of irrigated cropland is the primary cause of water availability reduction. Water table reduction is negatively correlated to cropland. The total desertified land has decreased since 1975. A rapid increase occurred before 1959, but it is difficult to assess the change of deserti-fication due to lack of data from 1959 to 1975. Changes of different types of desertified lands were different. There is no signifi-cant correlation between land use and different types of desertified land, but there is a significant negative correlation between woodland and total desertified land. The correlation between grassland and total desertified land is positive and significant. There is a significant correlation between different land cover and key factors such as water body and annual precipitation, river beach and runoff, area of shifting dune and annual precipitation, and cropland and underground water table. Desertification reversion in Naiman County is fragile and will be even much more fragile due to population growth, rapid land use and climate change. This will lead to continued invasion of irrigated cropland into more fragile ecosystems and reduction of water availability.     

灌溉作用下浅表层黄土滑坡变形破坏机理实验研究

为有效减少泾阳地区大面积灌溉活动诱发黄土滑坡对社会和经济带来的巨大损失,开展灌溉型滑坡室内实验研究,研究坡度在灌溉条件下对黄土滑坡变形破坏过程影响,具有重大的现实意义。本次实验设计了可用于坡顶和坡面的灌溉装置,同时进行了45°斜坡和60°斜坡的两组室内灌溉模型实验,且每组斜坡内埋设体积含水率传感器、基质吸力传感器和孔隙水压力传感器三种传感器记录其内部变化。通过对两组实验过程及结果进行对比分析,进而得出灌溉条件下浅表层黄土滑坡的变形破坏规律,总结出该类滑坡的破坏模式及其诱发机理。实验结果表明,实验前期随着体积含水率不断增大,基质吸力逐渐减小至基本稳定,土体强度随之减小;实验后期上部土体饱和,斜坡产生的变形和土体排水不畅产生了超孔隙水压力,有效应力随之减小,土体强度减小至最小,导致滑坡产生。同时,坡度越大,滑坡越易发生,滑面深度和滑动距离越小。     

我国“三北”防护林体系中荒漠半荒漠区无灌溉条件下宜林极限的初步探讨

本文根据“三北”防护林体系建设中的理论研究和实践经验得出:①我国“三北”防护林体系荒漠半荒漠区无灌溉条件下造林的降水极限,在大陆性季风气候区为150—200mm。在地中海气候区,为100—150mm。②最大根幅区的降水收入与水分支出平衡时的降水量,就是理论上无灌溉条件下造林的降水极限。③水平根系越发达,无灌溉、无地下补给条件下植物的抗旱性越强。较小的造林密度有利于脆弱的水分平衡。④耐旱乔木造林的地下水埋深极限为4—6米;耐旱灌木(小乔木)为5—10m。耐盐乔木的矿化度极限为3g/l;耐盐灌木为3—8g/t。     

不同水肥条件下水稻氮素运移与转化规律研究

针对不同的水肥处理,采用15N示踪方法,观测分析了氮素在稻田的时空分布及运移规律、挥发及淋失损失规律、氮素在水稻植株中的分布特征、稻田氮量平衡等。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下,由于稻田水分状况的差异导致土壤养分时空分布不同,从而影响其对作物的有效性;由于节水灌溉稻田水分相对较少,基质浓度较高,挥发损失高于淹灌。虽然节水灌溉下稻田渗漏液NH₄及NO₃-浓度较淹灌高,但由于此时总渗漏量显著减少,氮的总淋失较淹灌条件少;节水灌溉下,适当增加追肥次数,有利于减少各种氮素养分的损失,提高氮肥利用率;节水灌溉下水稻对氮素的吸收利用率高于淹灌,且有利于氮素养分向稻谷转移。