膜孔灌溉单孔入渗特性研究

根据室内单点膜孔人渗试验资料,研究了充分供水条件下单点膜孔入渗规律及膜孔入渗与垂直一维入渗之间的关系,提出了膜孔入渗的数学模型,建立了膜孔入渗参数与垂直一维入渗参数的关系,实现了根据一维垂直入渗资料确定膜孔入渗模型。该研究成果为膜孔灌溉理论与技术的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

哲盟蓖麻生产的气候条件分析

蓖麻耐旱耐瘠薄，是哲盟的优势经济作物。分析表明，气候条件是蓖麻产量波动的主要原因，其中又以各时期的干旱，春季的终霜冻和秋季的低温影响最大。采取针对性措施，趋利避害，主要是适时灌溉和地膜覆盖。     

山西省应县罗庄井灌区地下水模型

为了寻求能够真正反映试区地下水的变化情况,提高模型的仿真度,本文应用有限元数值解和非线性优化相结合的方法,探求反映该试区模型的水文地质参数,同时把人工调试水文地质参数和自动化调试水文地质参数相比较,在目前资料不足的情况下,取得了比较满意的结果。     

甘肃黄土台塬区农业过量灌溉引起的滑坡灾害

黄土台塬区过量农业灌溉可引起严重的滑坡灾害。其中以甘肃省永靖县黑方台提灌区的滑坡灾害最为典型。黑方台黄土台塬自20世纪60年代开始农业提水灌溉，受其独特的地质地貌控制，在灌溉水大量入渗的诱发下，滑坡灾害十分严重。主要有黄土滑坡和黄土一基岩滑坡两种类型，分别具有高速远程和低速近程滑动的特点。过量灌溉引发的滑坡灾害具有滞后性、群发性和频发性等显著特征，且在季节分布上主要集中在冻融期(3月)和雨季(7月)。实践表明，对过量灌溉引发的滑坡灾害应以预防为主，治理为辅。改变灌溉方式和采取包括工程治理措施、排水措施、生物措施在内的综合治理措施是行之有效的防治措施。     

关中地区井灌建设发展之我见

关中地区机井灌溉发展历史悠久,地下水资源开发利用程度较高,本文分析了井灌发展的现状,针对如何巩固发展井灌,根据关中地区不同地貌单元提出井灌发展的建议.     

Impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in suburban area of Shiraz, Iran

This preliminary work reported here dealt with potential impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops sampled along the Koshk River canal in the suburban area of Shiraz City, Iran. It also attempts to assess the extent of heavy metal contamination in soils and crops and human exposure risk. For this purpose, samples including soils and plants were collected from two wastewater irrigated sites and a tubewell-irrigated site （marked by A, B and C）. Concentrations of the six heavy metals Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu were determined by AAS. Physical and chemical properties of soil samples were also determined. The PLIs and CF for soils and HQ （Hazard quotient） for some vegetables were calculated. The results showed that organic matter content increased from 22% to 30 % in wastewater-irrigated soils as compared to tubewell water irrigated and admixture water irrigated ones. The soil pH was raised by 2 units as a result of wastewater irrigation at site A compared to sites B and C. Wastewater irrigation also result in relatively high concentrations of Ni, Pb and Zn （275.5, 441.3 and 177 mg/kg, respectively） in wastewater irrigated soils over tubewell water irrigated soils. These levels are higher than the maximum permissible limits in unpolluted soils, indicating that a degree of contamination has occurred. This was confirmed by calculated PLIs and contamination factors in soil samples, The results also showed some crops cultivated at sites A and B contained high levels of Ni and Cd beyond the maximum permissible concentrations and those cultivated at site C. The concentrations of these heavy metals are within or very close to the critical levels. HQ indices and daily intake calculated in respect of metal contents in some vegetables （spinach, lettuce and celery） showed that toxic risk due to Cd in these vegetables and crops was greater than one. This study generally concludes that although the content of heavy metals did not reach toxic level, extensive use of untreated wastewater drawn from the Koshk River has obviously increased the contamination of Ni and Pb in soils and Cd in some vegetables cultivated along the canal, causing potential health risk in the long-term scense for consumers or local residents.     

山东高青平原区浅层地下水资源合理开发利用

高青平原是山东省重要的农业基地。长期以来,引黄灌溉为其水资源开发重点,而当地地下水则主要消耗于潜水蒸发。选种不合理的取水结构不但导致土地沙化和土壤盐碱化等环境效应．而且由于近年来黄河断流,使其用水供需矛盾日益尖锐。本文在定性分析地下水朴、排条件的基础上．提出将无用的潜水蒸发转化为有用的可利用资源作为地下水资源评价的原则。同时根据实际资料选用合理的参数,用有限单元法定量地预铡了不同开采方案的地下水水位及埋深。同时在保证水量平衡的前提下,着重对开采方案的合理性进行了评价分析。本文对于改良高青平原的土地沙化、土壤盐碱化以及缓解现今用水矛盾具有重要的现实意义。对于我国同类的平原区也有重要的参考价值。     

绿洲灌溉机井效率的限制因素分析

绿洲灌溉机井效率的限制因素分析武秀珍，张惠昌（兰州大学地质系，兰州７３００００）民勤灌区机井效率低，能耗高、设备质量差与高定额灌溉之间矛盾突出，所以机井综合技术改造和合理的管理制度的建立已迫在眉睫。也是解决民勤水资源匿乏的基本途径之一。实测和调查资料...