Impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in suburban area of Shiraz, Iran

This preliminary work reported here dealt with potential impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops sampled along the Koshk River canal in the suburban area of Shiraz City, Iran. It also attempts to assess the extent of heavy metal contamination in soils and crops and human exposure risk. For this purpose, samples including soils and plants were collected from two wastewater irrigated sites and a tubewell-irrigated site （marked by A, B and C）. Concentrations of the six heavy metals Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu were determined by AAS. Physical and chemical properties of soil samples were also determined. The PLIs and CF for soils and HQ （Hazard quotient） for some vegetables were calculated. The results showed that organic matter content increased from 22% to 30 % in wastewater-irrigated soils as compared to tubewell water irrigated and admixture water irrigated ones. The soil pH was raised by 2 units as a result of wastewater irrigation at site A compared to sites B and C. Wastewater irrigation also result in relatively high concentrations of Ni, Pb and Zn （275.5, 441.3 and 177 mg/kg, respectively） in wastewater irrigated soils over tubewell water irrigated soils. These levels are higher than the maximum permissible limits in unpolluted soils, indicating that a degree of contamination has occurred. This was confirmed by calculated PLIs and contamination factors in soil samples, The results also showed some crops cultivated at sites A and B contained high levels of Ni and Cd beyond the maximum permissible concentrations and those cultivated at site C. The concentrations of these heavy metals are within or very close to the critical levels. HQ indices and daily intake calculated in respect of metal contents in some vegetables （spinach, lettuce and celery） showed that toxic risk due to Cd in these vegetables and crops was greater than one. This study generally concludes that although the content of heavy metals did not reach toxic level, extensive use of untreated wastewater drawn from the Koshk River has obviously increased the contamination of Ni and Pb in soils and Cd in some vegetables cultivated along the canal, causing potential health risk in the long-term scense for consumers or local residents.     

煤层注水的水气驱替理论研究

煤层注水是世界上煤矿矿井防治冲击地压的首选措施。而注水时间、流量、压力等注水工艺参数选择是决定注水防治冲击地压效果的关键。煤层注水过程中水在煤层中渗流的规律是选择注水工艺参数的理论依据。由于煤层孔隙、裂隙中充满气体,煤层注水实际上是水替代气的水驱气的渗流过程。但迄今为止的研究均视为水在煤体中渗流的研究。与实际相距甚远。论文首先分析了煤层注水防治冲击地压的机理,注水使得煤层软化,达到峰值强度后煤体抵抗变形能力随应变降低的幅度减小,即强度后应力-应变曲线变缓。然后根据煤层注水是水驱气过程,将煤层注水视为水气驱替的有动界面的渗流问题研究。将煤层视为各向同性的孔隙介质,分别按照水驱气由钻孔径向周边流动的平面径向流和由钻孔沿煤层平行流动的平面平行流两种情况,建立了水驱气的微分方程,给出了定解条件,并进行求解,得到了不同时间水锋面到达的位置即水注满煤层孔隙的范围。从而可以根据需要注水的范围求出需要提前的注水时间和注水量。为煤层注水预防冲击地压的工艺参数选择提供了科学依据和理论支撑。     

煤层注水难易程度的BP神经网络评价法

科学评价煤层注水难易程度,既是判定煤层是否可注及可注效果,也是确定煤层注水方式和工艺参数的重要依据。但是,由于煤层注水难易性受多种因素影响,属于极为复杂的非线性问题,很难用传统的数学方法进行定量评价。文献[1]用模糊聚类方法进行定量评价,在实际应用中,由于精度不够,出现过误判。为此,针对影响评价煤层注水难易程度的多种因素,如煤层孔隙率、煤的坚固系数、湿润边角、饱和水份增值等所构成的复杂系统,采用具有非线性映射功能的神经网络评价煤层注水难易程度,将煤层注水难易程度分为4级。并将该方法的评价结果同模糊聚类进行了对比,通过比较和实例验证,其误差为5.6%,提高了10个百分点。此方法评价精度较高,可用于指导实际煤层注水工程。     

山东高青平原区浅层地下水资源合理开发利用

高青平原是山东省重要的农业基地。长期以来,引黄灌溉为其水资源开发重点,而当地地下水则主要消耗于潜水蒸发。选种不合理的取水结构不但导致土地沙化和土壤盐碱化等环境效应．而且由于近年来黄河断流,使其用水供需矛盾日益尖锐。本文在定性分析地下水朴、排条件的基础上．提出将无用的潜水蒸发转化为有用的可利用资源作为地下水资源评价的原则。同时根据实际资料选用合理的参数,用有限单元法定量地预铡了不同开采方案的地下水水位及埋深。同时在保证水量平衡的前提下,着重对开采方案的合理性进行了评价分析。本文对于改良高青平原的土地沙化、土壤盐碱化以及缓解现今用水矛盾具有重要的现实意义。对于我国同类的平原区也有重要的参考价值。     

绿洲灌溉机井效率的限制因素分析

绿洲灌溉机井效率的限制因素分析武秀珍，张惠昌（兰州大学地质系，兰州７３００００）民勤灌区机井效率低，能耗高、设备质量差与高定额灌溉之间矛盾突出，所以机井综合技术改造和合理的管理制度的建立已迫在眉睫。也是解决民勤水资源匿乏的基本途径之一。实测和调查资料...     

南阳市机井灌溉发展探讨

位于河南省西南部与鄂、陕两省接壤的南阳市,自1986年以来的十年中,有7年遭到了不同程度的旱灾,严重制约了农业生产的快速发展。严峻的现实教育了群众,“兴农必先兴水”已成各级领导和广大农民的共识;尤其是去年夏天朱镕基副总理前来视察.给水利工作带了契机与活力,打井灌溉已是促进南阳“农业大市”的腾飞、农村经济持续发展的关键性工程。 1 发展井灌的优势与潜力 1.1 南阳盆地有着丰富的地下水资源 据水文地质部门勘测分析,全市地下水动态资源20.6亿m~3.浅层地下水可开采量为8.6亿m~3;目前年开采量4.2—4.6亿m~3,约占可开采量的一半,井灌的资源开发潜力很大。     

宝鸡—常兴塬农灌区斜坡环境的变异研究

在黄土台塬农灌区，其天然斜坡环境常被农田灌溉所变异，形成农灌工程地质斜坡环境，在此种环境中，斜坡的变形和破坏常被诱发，激活和加剧，从而产生了新的农灌斜坡环境工程地质问题，若对其进行治理，必须从农田灌溉诱发，激活和加剧灌区内斜坡变形和破坏这一观点进行考虑。本文试图以宝鸡－－常兴塬农灌区斜坡的环境工程地质问题为例，对上述观点进行阐述。     

高氟水灌溉区水－土－植物系统氟迁移转化环境效应分析──以河北沧县为例

文章以河北沧县高氟水灌溉区土壤氟的积累与分布特征、氟等温吸附试验、吸附动力学试验、土柱模拟试验以及农作物含氟量为依据，对高氟水灌溉区水－土壤－植物系统氟迁移转化环境效应进行讨论分析，并提出了防止氟环境恶化的对策。     

西北干旱区发展节水灌溉农业的意义与前景

本文通过分析西北干旱区发展农业的优势和潜力。阐述了发展以节水灌溉为中心的高效农业的意义和任意，并指出了节水灌溉农业的前景所在。