从弧后盆地到前陆盆地——北祁连造山带奥陶纪-泥盆纪的沉积盆地与构造演化

北祁连加里东期造山带是在新元古代Rodinia联合大陆(Pangea-850)基础上裂解,经由寒武纪裂谷盆地、奥陶纪初期成熟洋盆、奥陶纪中晚期北祁连活动大陆边缘、志留纪-早、中泥盆世碰撞造山而形成的.奥陶纪中、晚期,北祁连、走廊地区中、上奥陶统发育洋壳-岛弧-弧后火山岩,形成典型的沟-弧-盆体系的沉积.志留纪-早、中泥盆世是北祁连-走廊沉积盆地的转换时期.除天祝、古浪、景泰及肃南等局部地区发育下志留统钙碱性系列火山岩以外,全区志留系均以碎屑岩沉积为主.志留系底部多见一套砾岩层.下-中志留统为典型复理石相的浊流沉积.上志留统变为滨浅海相磨拉石沉积.早、中泥盆世雪山群为典型的陆相粗碎屑磨拉石沉积.从空间分布上看,志留系-泥盆系在走廊-北祁连地区也有自北向南厚度加大、粒度变粗的特征,古流以由南向北、来自造山带的古流为特征.北祁连-河西走廊奥陶纪弧后盆地火山岩-志留系复理石-海相磨拉石-中、下泥盆统陆相磨拉石的充填序列以及空间分布特点,反映为典型的弧后盆地向前陆盆地转化的沉积序列.     

阿尔泰南缘泥盆纪流纹岩的地球化学和大地构造背景

新疆阿尔泰南缘克朗和麦兹盆地内泥盆系康布铁堡组发育浅变质的酸性火山岩,岩相学特征和主量元素组成表明它们的原岩为流纹岩。该流纹岩具有高SiO2、较高(Na2O+K2O)、低TiO2和低CaO含量,属于亚碱性系列。稀土元素配分模式以轻稀土富集、Eu负异常强烈为特征。在不相容元素蛛网图上,流纹岩相对于洋脊花岗岩总体上富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,而明显亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf。在Nb-Y和Rb-(Y+Nb)判别图上,它们落入火山弧花岗岩区。这些结果显示,所研究的流纹岩形成于与俯冲作用密切相关的陆缘火山弧环境。本文研究结果为阿尔泰南缘在泥盆纪属于活动大陆边缘的认识提供了进一步的证据。     

Late Paleozoic Sequence-Stratigraphic Frameworks and Sea Level Changes in Dianqiangui Basin and Its Adjacent Areas with Systematic Revision of Regional Unconformities

The formation process of the Dianqiangui basin, a special basin, occurred after the Caledonian orogeny, in the south of Guizhou, the west of Giamgxo and the southeast of Yunnan, experienced three periods:it began in the Devonian, persisted in the Carboniferous, and became fiercer in the Permian. Controlled by syndepositional fault-zones, varieties of isolated carbonate platforms, large and small, were developed in the of a deep-water basin, namely, an inter-platform ditch. And a special paleogeographical Late Paleozoic pattern marked by “platform-basin-hill-trough” was produced in both the Dianqiangui basin and its adjacent arms. Affected by regional tectonic activities and the global changes in the sea level, the platform carbonates and coal measures superimposed each other cyclically on the attached platform. The reef-building on the isolated platform and the margin of the attached platform corresponds to the development of the shale succession in the deep-water basin. All of these elementary characteristics reflect a regular and sophisticated filling sucoession of the Dianqiangui basin, a result of the dual controls of the regionally tectonic activities and the eustacy.Based on the two elementary features of the third-order sequences, i.e. the regularity of sedimentary-facies succession in space and the simultaneity of environmental changes in time, 25 third-order sequences could be discerned in the Upper Paleozoic strata in the Dianqiangui basin and its adjacent areas. On the basis of the two kinds of facies-changing surfaces and the two kinds of diachronisms in stratigraphic records, the regional Late Paleozoic sequence-sequence-stratigraphic framework in the Dianqiangui basin and its adjacent areas can be established.There are two types of facies-changing surfaces and two types of diachronisms in stratigraphic records: the static type, a result of the change in sedimentary facies in space, and the dynamic type, a remit of the change in time. These two types of facies-changing surfaces led to the generation of the two types of diachronisms: the diachronism of facies-changing surfaces that was formed by the static facies-changing surfaces, and the diachronism of punactuated surfaces that was formed by the dynamic facies-changing surfaces. The two types of facieschanging surfaces and the two types of diachronisms in stratigraphic records are the key to the establishment of the sequence-stratigraphic framework, The sequence boundaries could be divided geologically into four types:tectonic unconformity, sedimentary unconformity,drowned unconformity and their correlative surfaces,All of these four types can be further grouped into exposed punctuated surfaces and deepened punctuated surfaces,The tectonic unconformity in similar to Type Ⅰ sequence boundary,and the sedimentary unconformity is similar to Type Ⅱ sequence boundary defined by Vail et al.In terms of sequence stratigraphy,the tectonic unconformities of the Ziyun movement,the Qiangui epeirogeny and the Dongwu revolution as well as the drowned unconformity in the transitional period from the Permian to the Triassic can be systematically defined and their geological characteristics are briefly presented.     

藏北龙木错东部三岔口地区下奥陶统与泥盆系的不整合界面

在北羌塘三岔口一带采获丰富的腕足类:汉伯矮正形贝及比较种Nanorthiscf.hamburgensis(Walcott)。建立了早奥陶世岩石地层单位——三岔口组,是羌塘地区目前有化石控制的最低层位。中、晚泥盆世拉竹龙组与下伏志留系、奥陶系不整合接触关系的进一步确定,证明了羌北-昌都板块与扬子板块的亲缘性,为羌北-昌都板块属性的确定提供了重要证据。     

热水沉积成矿盆地的热状态及热演化分析与研究思路--热水沉积成矿盆地分析与研究之四

根据对秦岭泥盆纪沉积盆地的构造成盆 -后期构造变形特征研究 ,秦岭造山带泥盆纪热水沉积成矿盆地中构造 -热流体地质事件可初步厘定如下 :1中泥盆世伸展构造成盆 -热水同生沉积成矿事件 (D1)。2晚泥盆世 -石炭纪伸展变形 -深源热流体叠加事件 (D2 )。3印支期挤压收缩变形 -热改造事件 (D3 )。 4燕山期逆冲推覆构造改造 -深源热流体叠加及脆性变形事件 (D4 )。 5喜玛拉雅山期脆性变形 (D5)。从盆地热状态及热演化研究角度看 ,盆地内充填地层体中有机质及矿物可以记录热状态及热演化历史 ,利用盆地内充填地层体中有机质及矿物温度计可以反演盆地内充填地层体形成时盆地热状态和盆地底部热流。认为热水沉积成矿盆地热状态及热演化主要研究方法有主要矿物流体包裹体测温、镜质体反射率 (R0 )法、氧同位素地质温度计法等。     

西藏羌塘香桃湖地区泥盆纪猫耳山岩组的解体及蛇绿混杂岩带的初步厘定

猫耳山岩组分布于龙木错—双湖缝合带西延的关键区域,具有复杂的岩石组合和变质变形特征,是理解缝合带西部构造演化的关键。1∶25万查多岗日幅区调认为猫耳山岩组为一套晚泥盆世遭受角闪岩相变质作用改造的碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹基性火山岩沉积建造,其中部分变质基性火山岩显示出蛇绿岩的地球化学特征。近期的研究表明,原猫耳山岩组是由形成于不同时代和构造背景,遭受不同程度变质作用改造的岩片构造混杂而成,对其进行必要的解体工作,是认识该区物质组成及构造演化的前提。在大量野外观察和实测剖面的基础上,结合岩石学、地球化学和同位素年代学,将原猫耳山岩组初步解体为晚古生代蛇绿岩、早古生代蛇绿岩、早石炭世咸水河岩组、中三叠世拉顺岩组等不同地质单元,并概述解体依据和不同单元的物质组成、变质特征、形成时代及构造背景,为进一步深入理解缝合带西部物质组成、从整体上认识龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的构造演化提供了新的资料。     

新疆西准噶尔铁厂沟镇南中泥盆统库鲁木迪组形成时代的重新厘定及其地质意义

新疆西准噶尔铁厂沟镇南部广泛出露泥盆纪陆源碎屑岩沉积地层, 对其时代归属缺乏可靠的古生物化石依据, 并一直颇有争议。前人根据岩石地层对比将其归为中泥盆统库鲁木迪组。在充分分析前人研究成果的基础上, 对该套泥盆纪地层中的岩屑凝灰岩开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年, 获得加权平均年龄为(379.3±5.0)Ma(MSWD=0.45), 表明新疆西准噶尔铁厂沟镇南出露的泥盆系时代跨度较大, 其中存在晚泥盆世早期沉积, 而不是前人所笼统认为的中泥盆世。因此, 将这套前人所划分的中泥盆世库鲁木迪组地层沉积时代重新厘定为中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期更为合理。在详细测制地层剖面的基础上, 进一步分析了该套泥盆系地层的岩石组合及沉积相, 结果显示该套泥盆纪陆源碎屑岩夹少量火山碎屑岩主体形成于浅海环境。     

阿尔泰山东部阿尔沙特地区酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

阿尔泰山东部诺尔特-阿尔沙特地区晚古生代火山岩十分发育,其中阿尔沙特一带出露一套片理化蚀变流纹岩与含凝灰质英安流纹岩的岩石组合,呈北西-南东向带状展布,前人将其划为石炭系红山嘴组a段,其岩性组合明显区别于红山嘴组b、c段地层,且稳定成规模出露。本次工作笔者对其进行了LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年,获得锆石的206Pb/238U和207Pb/235U谐和年龄为(400.5±4.6)Ma,206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(400.4±3.6)Ma,代表岩浆结晶年龄,时代为早泥盆世,较前人认为的石炭纪早。结合区域地质资料分析认为,(400.4±3.6)Ma区内古大洋俯冲已达到顶峰阶段,该火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘构造环境。     

新疆卡拉麦里碰撞带南缘志留—泥盆纪沉积学研究新进展

志留纪、泥盆纪是研究新疆卡拉麦里碰撞带发展、演化的关键时期.本文通过研究该区志留—泥盆纪的沉积学特征,认为志留纪白山包组为“风暴海”远岸沉积,而非单纯的“海滩”、“浅海”沉积.泥盆纪卡拉麦里组下段发现的重力流浊流沉积序列以及重力流水道相沉积,表明沉积环境为斜坡相—半深海相,而非“滨海相”.晚泥盆世克安库都克组发现的陆相磨拉石,显示陆一陆碰撞造山阶段的沉积,这些沉积记录了盆地形成、演化和造山过程,丰富了新疆卡拉麦里构造演化的研究内容,确定洋壳俯冲、陆陆碰撞的时间应为晚泥盆世.     

东昆仑金水口泥盆纪层状花岗岩成因和找矿意义

东昆仑造山带是青藏高原与冈底斯带相媲美的巨型岩浆岩带, 但该带是否具有形成硬岩型稀有金属矿床的潜力还不清楚。最近在东昆仑金水口地区发现了锂铍矿化伟晶岩, 暗示其有可能成为以锂铍为主的稀有金属成矿潜力区。本文以矿化伟晶岩空间上紧密共生的金水口层状花岗岩体为研究对像, 揭示其地球化学特征和形成时代, 探讨其成因和找矿意义。金水口层状花岗岩下部为弱过铝高钾钙碱性黑云母二长花岗岩, 上部为高分异强过铝二云母正长花岗岩、石榴子石碱长花岗岩和钠长花岗岩。花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为396~395Ma, LA-ICP-MS独居石U-Pb年龄为396~391Ma。黑云母二长花岗岩、二云母正长花岗岩、石榴子石碱长花岗岩和钠长花岗岩具有相似的Nd同位素组成, ε_Nd(t)为-6.52~-4.48, 黑云母二长花岗岩与二云母正长花岗岩具有相似的全岩Pb同位素组成和锆石Hf同位素组成, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t)为38.187~38.219, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t)为15.627~15.652, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(t)为18.299~18.527, ε_Hf(t)为-6.25~+0.58。下部花岗岩和上部高分异花岗岩均源于元古代岩石和少量新生年轻地壳物质组成的下地壳, 为I型花岗岩, 形成于碰撞后伸展构造环境。金水口花岗岩岩浆演化过程中Li、Be、Nb、Ta和Sn富集, 与其东侧跃进山花岗岩共同构成了潜在的稀有金属矿化伟晶岩的母体花岗岩, 推断跃进山花岗岩南部和东部具有伟晶岩型Li-Be矿的找矿潜力。东昆仑造山带出现泥盆纪Li-Be矿成矿作用, 暗示青藏高原北部除了中生代外, 古生代也存在Li-Be矿重要成矿潜力。