长江口滨岸湿地沉积物对上覆水体中无机氮的净化能力估算

Estuarine wetlands serve as a natural barrier to remove the land-generated pollut-ants and attenuate the pollutant load from the land to the sea. As one of the most important estuarine wetlands, the Yangtze estuarine wetlands have attracted particular interests in the biogeochemical studies of nutrients. The objectives of this study were to characterize the seasonal and spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes across the sediment-water interface; to calculate the total DIN fluxes in a year and different seasons; and to evaluate the DIN removing capability of the sediment in the tidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary. The spatial distribution of DIN fluxes shows complicated seasonal variations and spatial differences. The annual DIN fluxes range from -22.22 mmol N m-2 h-1 to 19.54 mmolN m-2 h-1, with an average of -1.48±1.34 mmol N m-2 h-1. The tidal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary behave as a source of water DIN in spring when DIN is released from sediment into overlying water, and the released amount of DIN is 1.33×104 tons of nitrogen (T N). In sum-mer, autumn and winter, the sediment absorbs the DIN from the overlying water, and the absorbed amounts of DIN are 4.36×104 T N, 6.81×104 T N and 2.24×104 T N, respectively. The average amount of DIN in overlying water of the Yangtze Estuary is 52.6×104 T N yr-1, and the perennial average amount of DIN absorbed from the overlying water by the sediment is 12.1×104 T N yr-1. The annual DIN elimination rate of the tidal wetlands was 23.0%.     

三江平原沼泽地主养鲤鱼塘能量转换效率研究

对1988～1992年三江平原沼泽地泥炭池主养鲤鱼生态系统的能量转换效率进行了研究分析。结果表明,一个生长期浮游植物毛初级生产力对太阳辐射能的转换效率为0.204～0.308％;鲢鳙净产量对浮游植物净产量的转换效率为1.195～4.815％;太阳能转换为鱼类总净产量的生态学效率为0.067～0.123％。总辅助能、总生物能和饲料辅助能转换为鱼类总净产量的效率分别为8.91～14.05％、10.96～17.20％和11.06～17.57％.在2500kg/hm~2、3500kg/hm~2及5000kg/hm~2三个净产量级型池塘中,以5000kg/hm~2产量级的能量转换效率为最佳型。     

含煤岩系沉积学研究的几点思考

根据沉积学和煤地质学的理论和方法 ,对聚煤作用、聚煤中心、煤层在地层格架中的分布、煤的前身--泥炭和成煤基地--沼泽地 ,以及煤和煤系中的矿物组分--高岭石进行了介绍、分析、论述 ,并再次提出华北晚古生代海侵问题。     

美国湿地保护的新举措

这里是美国大沼泽地国家公园一隅。大沼泽地国家公园是1974年美国专门为保护这片独特而脆弱的生态系统——世界最大的沼泽地而建立的,现有面积140万英亩。该公园位于佛罗里达州南端,辽阔的沼泽地、壮观的松树林和星罗棋布的红树林为无数野生动物提供了安居之地,是美国本土上最大的亚热带野生动物栖息地,有300多种鸟类和美洲鳄、海牛等多种野生动物。这些陆生和水生动植物群落相互适应,并且很好地适应了这里夏天湿润、冬天干燥的气候。但是对它们生存至关重要的生态因素——水流,却因南佛罗里达20世纪初开始的城市和乡村的发展受到严重的破坏。一半的原始湿地因此而干涸,流向国家公园的水被高高的水坝和无数的灌渠截流。湿地这种脆弱的生态系统变化开始向人们昭示了自然界和人类威胁之间的微妙关系。科学家和工程技术人员正在寻求新的途径来重建自然水流以满足大沼泽地环境的需要。(摄影:Leonel Sternbe)     

一种简便快速的放射性测量找水新技术

介绍了一种在野外一次完成的简便、快速的^218Po放射性测量找水新技术的工作原理和方法。试验结果表明，不抽气^218po方法技术在地下水资源勘查中，寻找隐覆含水构造裂隙有着良好的效果。该方法与γ法、瞬时(抽气)射气法一样简便、快速，能在野外现场直接获得测量结果，对所发现的异常进行现场追索、研究，是适用于不同地形地貌景观(如沙滩的津涂、沙漠、沼泽地、刚收割的水稻田等)条件下工作的一种找水的新方法、新技术。     

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Elements in a Small Catchment, and Buffer Function of Wetland in Longgan Lake, China

Wetland is the conjunction of lake and terrene where human activities are concentrated. From the viewpoints of material transport and cycling in the terrene-lake system, wetland is the buffer where sand and mud, heavy metals, pollutants and nutrients are tarried. In this paper, we provide a case study based on the temporal and spatial distribution of elements in the Wangling River catchment, a small sub-catchment of Longgan Lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. We have found that wetland can buffer major heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, etc.significantly, but has a little buffer function to some active elements such as Fe and Mn, which are always transported as solutions. Human activities not only influence the distribution of elements, but also weaken the buffer function of wetland. Intensive human activities in the Longgan Lake area in the past 70 years have been recorded in stream, wetland and lake sediments, especially the human activity events such as deforesting and reclaiming on a large scale in 1958 and the 1980‘s. Human activities caused the increase of sedimentation rates since the 1950‘ s, as well as the increase of elements‘ concentrations. The extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides since the 1960‘ s have led to the increase of total P concentrations. Increasing SO2 emission accelerate the process of cation exchange in soil, and enhance the leaching of Mn out of soils. Permanent storing of water causes the soil gleyification that also intensifies the leaching of Mn.These are two major reasons for the obvious increase of manganese concentrations in recent 20 years in Longgan Lake. Intensive human activities since the 1950s‘ have intensified the population in this region and thus destroyed the buffer function of wetland.     

三江平原沼泽地CH4排放规律及估算

三江平原沼泽地ＣＨ４排放规律及估算崔保山（中国科学院长春地理研究所，长春１３００２１）１样地的选择及测定方法样地位于中国科学院洪河沼泽生态试验站观测场中央区。野外观测采样分别在１９９５年６月～９月、１９９６年５月进行。沼泽类型以毛果苔草（Ｃａｒｅｘ...     

美国大沼泽地国家公园的自然保护效益

岛屿生物地理学理论团将物种的生存数量与其生存面积为相关因素加以分析，而受到重视，成为自然保护区研究领域的重要基础理论之一。本文运用岛屿生物地理学理论的基本观点，系统地分析了美国大沼泽地国家公园的自然保护成效和存在的问题，提出了岛屿生物地理学理论的两个重要内涵：物种生存的有效面积，和以生物群落中的核心物种作为确定保护区面积的依据。     

青藏高原多年冻土湖沼沉积中的有机质

多年冻土作为一个特殊的负温沉积环境，其化学和生物化学速度相对缓慢。本文通过对多年冻土湖沼沉积物中有机质特征的研究，来了解这种环境中有机质演化特征。研究结果表明，多年冻土湖沼沉积物中有机质的演化程度低，有机质的特征主要由所产生的环境决定，与沉积演化的关系不明显，这种特征的有机质是用以指示环境变化的理想对象。     

DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN TYPICAL WETLAND PLANTS IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

1INTRODUCTIONPlant canaccumulatemercuryfromair,soilandwa-ter.Theconcentrationofmercuryinplantisaffectedbythesource,form ofmercury andthephysiology ofplant.Theconcentrationsofinorganicmercuryandor-ganicmercuryinvariousplantsaredifferent,sotheenvironmentalexposureofmercuryandthebiotopeofplantscanbereflected bytheconcentrationofmer-curyinplants.Wetlandplaysanimportantroleinthetransportandcycleofmercury(DRISCOLLetal.,1994),andisanimportantsourceofmethylmercury ofsomelakesandrivers(STLOUI…