美国土地利用规划立法和编制的主要特点及其启示

一、美国土地管理概况美国土地面积936.48万平方公里,人口3亿,人口密度为30人/平方公里。广阔的地域、肥沃的土壤、丰富的资源、稀少的人口为美国的长盛不衰提供了得天独厚的优越条件。美国是公私兼有的多元化资本主义土地所有制,其中私     

安徽黟县富硒土壤地球化学特征研究

通过开展黟县土地质量地球化学调查与富硒资源评价,查明黟县表层土壤硒元素平均值为0.523mg/kg,高于富硒土壤标准,相对于全国及安徽省江淮流域硒含量表现为富集特征;参照《天然富硒土地划定与标识》（试行）（DD 2019—10）圈定富硒土壤168.61km2,占调查区总面积的20.94%。通过分析硒元素在不同土壤类型及成土母质的分布特征,认为区内富硒土壤成因可分为两大类：(1)硒高背景岩石风化形成的富硒土壤;(2)土壤黏土矿物及有机质表层次生富集作用形成的富硒土壤。     

安徽桐城大沙河流域富锌土壤资源分布特征及成因分析

以安徽桐城市大沙河流域粮食主产区具有土壤富锌潜力的区域开展调查研究,总面积96.12 km²,共506个采样点,采集0～20 cm表层土壤,对区域内土壤锌元素含量特征、分布特征展开研究,以耕地为基础进行富锌土壤评价,并探讨富锌土壤成因。研究发现区内土壤锌平均含量达89.3 mg/kg,在安庆市及省内处较高含量水平;区内富锌土壤资源丰富,面积达34.49 km²,占区内耕地面积的62.73%;发现区内富锌土壤成因与地质背景密切相关,推测富锌土壤物源主要来自于上游山区。     

Impacts of soil fauna on litter decomposition at different succession stages of wetland in Sanjiang Plain, China

Litter decomposition is the key process in nutrient recycling and energy flow. The present study examined the impacts of soil fauna on decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes at three succession stages of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, China using different mesh litterbags. The results show that in each succession stage of wetland, soil fauna can obviously increase litter decomposition rates. The average contribution of whole soil fauna to litter mass loss was 35.35%. The more complex the soil fauna group, the more significant the role of soil fauna. The average loss of three types of litter in the 4mm mesh litterbags was 0.3–4.1 times that in 0.058mm ones. The decomposition function of soil fauna to litter mass changed with the wetland succession. The average contribution of soil fauna to litter loss firstly decreased from 34.96% (Carex lasiocapa) to 32.94% (Carex meyeriana), then increased to 38.16% (Calamagrostics angustifolia). The contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition rates vary according to the litter substrata, soil fauna communities and seasons. Significant effects were respectively found in August and July on C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa, while in June and August on C. meyeriana. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and the C/N and C/P ratios of decaying litter can be influenced by soil fauna. At different wetland succession stages, the effects of soil fauna on nutrient elements also differ greatly, which shows the significant difference of influencing element types and degrees. Soil fauna communities strongly influenced the TC and TP concentrations of C. meyeriana litter, and TP content of C. lasiocapa. Our results indicate that soil fauna have important effects on litter decomposition and this influence will vary with the wetland succession and seasonal variation. Foundation item: Under the auspices of State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2009CB421103), Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40830535/D0101), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-BR-16, KSCX2-YW-N-46-06)     

垦利县董集乡采用暗管排碱改良土壤

近日,一个万米暗管排碱项目在垦利县董集乡顺利竣工。该项目投资60万元,开挖沟渠4条,搬动土方5万m^3,修建管涵3处,铺设暗管1万m。该项目在当地开创了土壤改良模式的先河,将为今后土壤改良积累新的经验。暗管排碱技术是将PVC渗管利用专业埋管机埋于地下1.7-2m深处,把碱水引到暗管,然后集中排到明渠,从而控制地下水位,     

Historical development in soil micromorphological imaging

The book ＂micropedolog＂ by Kubieana and a large number of publications has induced many people to practice soil micromorphology. Quantification of the soil fabric and its components was a major challenge. The use of the image analyses in soil science was a breakthrough. Attempts to make soil thin sections go back to the beginning of the 2oth century. Microscopic techniques and recently high resolution electron microscope and use of computer assisted imaging techniques enabled the in vitro study of soils in three dimensional levels. It is now possible to store and process massive amounts of data. Micro- morphological concepts and techniques are applied in paleopedological, ecological, and archaeological studies. The aim of this work was to examine soil micromorphological imaging in historical perspective.     

Micromorphology and quality attributes of the loess derived soils affected by land use change: A case study in Ghapan watershed, Northern Iran

In order to study the effects of different land vegetative covers on soil quality attributes, a loess hill slope was selected in eastern Golestan Province, Ghapan watershed, Iran. Four profiles in four land uses, including Quercus natural forest; Pinus artificial forest; Cupressus artificial forest and a cultivated land, were studied. Results showed that MWD was significantly different in the studied land uses, and it varied between 1.6 mm in Quercus natural forest and o.31 mm in cultivated land use. The lowest CEC, microbial respiration rate and organic carbon were 28.4 cmol·kg^1, 177 μgCO2·g^-1·day^-1 and 1.32 % found in cultivated land use, respectively. The organic matter was considerably higher content in the forest areas than that of cultivated land use. The studies on soil profile development revealed that the natural forest soils were highly developed. The soils of the Quercus natural forest were classified as Calcic Haploxeralfs with a well developed argillie horizon unlike the cultivated soils which showed the minimum development and classified as Typic Xerorthents. The soils of the artificial forests had both mollic epipedons and were classified as Typic Calcixerolls with moderate profile development. Micromorphological studies revealed that argillic horizons had speckled and partly crystallitic b-fabric in the natural forest indicating the high landscape stability. In contrast, the crystallitic b-fabric of other land uses shows the absence of enough leaching of carbonate and the subsequent migration of clay particles indicating the unstable conditions and high soil erosion. Intense erosion of the surface horizons of cultivated land use has resulted in the outcropping of the subsurface carbonate rich horizons preventing soil development.     

Methodology for the diagnostics of soil polygenesis on the basis of macro- and micromorphological studies

A methodology for studying soil polygenesis and lithological homogeneity of soil profiles is suggested. This methodology is particularly important for mountain soils, where the lithological heterogeneity of the soil profiles created by denudation and accumulation processes is often observed. The methodology includes several stages： （a） the study of the lithological homogeneity/ heterogeneity of soil profiles by field and laboratory methods, （b） the stage-by-stage macro-, meso-, micro-, and submicromorphological analyses of soil profiles with additional use of the methods of neighboring sciences, and （e） the subdivision of soil features into the groups of recent and inherited （relict） features. In the latter group, the subgroups of lithorelict features inherited from the parent material and pedorelict features inherited from the previous stages of soil formation can be distinguished. Two major models of soil polygenesis are suggested. Simple models describe the soils, in which new features appear due to the changes in the environmental conditions in the course of soil evolution. Complex models describe the soils, in which such changes are combined with deposition of new portions of sediments onto the soil surface with the development of buried soil horizons （the synlithogenie pedogenesis）. The models of continuous and discontinuous synlithogenic pedogenesis can be further distinguished. It is argued that the micromorphological method applied to the studies on soil mierofabrics, microforms of soil humus, soil porosity, coatings, and various pedo- and lithorelict features yields valuable information on polygenetic soils.     

Promoting Mieropedology

The Journal of Mountain Science is a multi-disciplinary scientific journal that covers research in earth science, geography, environmental sciences and life sciences. This special issue recognizes the importance of micropedology, a field that is often overlooked. The 14 papers published here were selected from the 135 presented at the 13^h International Conference on Soil Micromorphology （ICSM） that took place on September 11-16, 2008, in Chengdu, China. These articles review the history and development of soil micromorphology, and highlight the current status of the field right up to the latest cutting edge research, thus providing readers excellent access to the entire micropedologv literature.     

氡气测量在佳木斯城市地下热水普查的应用

在佳木斯城区地下热水调查中,运用了水中氡活度浓度测量和土壤氡活度浓度测量综合方法,有效地克服了城市地热地质调查中的不利因素.通过对水中氡活度浓度及土壤氡活度浓度测量值的正态化变换以及原始氡活度浓度异常分析,明确了氡活度浓度异常对地下热水控制构造的指示作用.通过对氡活度浓度测量值的趋势分析,提取局部异常,综合各种异常信息,确定了城区地下热水的有利远景区.