Analyzing the dynamics of Dafeng coastal wetland based on remote sensing image

Dafeng wetland is the largest coastal wetland in Asia, located on the shore of the Yellow Sea. Recently, inning, irrationality utilizing, and water contaminating all threaten it, so the area of the wetland is decreasing and its quality is declining increasingly. Therefore, it is significative to analyze the dynamics of wetland with RS image of Dafeng coastal wetland. To enhance the clustering, fuzzy c-mean algorithm is improved and used to cluster Dafeng coastal wetland. Through the improvement, the problem is solved that assortment is not very good bringing by the difference of sample number. Furthermore, changing information about Dafeng coastal wetland is analyzed by dynamic degree model and the check module of software erdas is used to analyze the dynamics of wetland. Integrating local data with improved fuzzy c-mean algorithm and dynamic degree model mentioned above, dynamics degree of Dafeng coastal wetland＇s area is calculated. The calculating result shows that the area of tour and residence increases greatly while that of bulrush and grassplot decreases largely, that of woodland changes little. The conclusion accords with the fact the main factors include natural and man-made ones, which lead to Dafeng coastal wetland resource change. From nature, coast expansion caused by bedload sediment makes wetland away from sea, disappearing finally. On the other hand, many tour projects are constructed, including training center, reception center, education center, etc; Part of the wetland is utilized as residence, pound, farm, salt field, etc. All of those account for about half of the wetland. Further, fertilizer, pesticide and machine noise contaminate the wetland environment. Finally, problem of management is one of the main restriction factors. Managing manner of traditional agriculture, growth of tourism and expansion of coast are the main driving factors for wetland changes.     

Impact of forest fires on regional air quality in Southeast Asia

Biomass burning, the burning of living and dead vegetation for land-clearing and land-use change, has been in practice in many tropical countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico. Intense forest fires can also ignite subsurface organic soil components （e.g. peat）, which can continue to smolder long after the original surface fires are put out. Combustion of vegetation and peat has only recently been recognized as a major source of atmospheric pollution. The immediate effect of burning is the production and release of gases and particles into the atmosphere, in quantities that in some cases can be significant not only locally and regionally but also on a global scale. Vegetation fire emissions account for roughly half of the atmospheric constituents of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and precursors of tropospheric ozone and may be the second largest source of anthropogenic aerosols after the production of sulfates from SO2. As a result, there has been considerable interest in studying the contribution of forest fires to the production of air pollutants. In recent years, Southeast Asian countries have been affected repeatedly by episodes of smoke haze from forest fires in Indonesia. During 1997-1998, the region was again shrouded in a haze worsened by prolonged drought linked to the E1 Nino weather phenomenon. Satellite pictures confirmed that air pollutants, originating from fires covering an estimated 800000 hectares of southern Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Java, have been transported by southwesterly monsoon winds across neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore to as far as Thailand and the Philippines. The impact of these extensive fires on the health of the residents and ecology in the affected areas was substantial, costly, and possibly long lasting. Most of the research on the environmental aspects of biomass burning has been directed towards the tropics in Africa and America, specifically to the tropical rain forests of Brazil and to the savannas of Africa and South America.     

Mercury anthropogenic loadings vs. mercury levels in fish： Baihua Reservoir as an exemplary case study

It is still disputed in the scientific community whether it is possible to trace a direct link or even proportionality between mercury （Hg） anthropogenic loadings to lake ecosystems and resulting methylmercury （MeHg） levels found in fish tissues. We present here the exemplary case of the Baihua Reservoir, located on the Maotiahoe River, near Guiyang （Guizhou, China）. Baihua was impacted for many years by Hg-contaminated effluents from industrial source. While sedimentary profiles exhibit extreme enrichment in sedimentary Hg burden, fish species harvested from the reservoir still present low Hg levels. Thus we propose here that in the case of Hg, loading does not tell it all and one must take it into account the net methylation capacity of lake ecosystems and its ability to efficiently bioaccumulate MeHg along the trophic web.     

Aquatic ecological risk assessment of OCPs in Huaihe River, Jiangsu section

The Huaihe River Basin, located between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, is one of the most populated areas in the eastern part of China. The Huaihe River is probably the most heavily polluted one among the three largest rivers in China. The Jiangsu section is the downstream reaches of the Huaihe River, where organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） may come from local discharge due to flourishing industry and agriculture, and also from inflows from upstream. OCPs are usually hazardous organic pollutants, and may endanger the aquatic ecosystem of the Huaihe River, Jiangsu section. Surface water of the Huaihe River, Jiangsu section in both high-flow period and low-flow period was sampled and OCPs were determined using GC-ECD. 15 OCPs were detected, including 2,4＇-DDT, 4,4＇-DDT, 4,4＇-DDD, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, methoxychlor, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene（HCB）, α-endosulfan, α-Endosulfan and heptachlorepoxide. The span of total OCPs concentration is between 26.27-124.39 ng/L. Among the 15 OCPs detected, aquatic ecological risk assessment was performed for 12 ones except for α-endosulfan, α-endosulfan and heptachlorepoxide due to lack of the relevant toxicity data of the three compounds. The acute toxicities of 12 OCPs to multi aquatic species were collected from AQUIRE database and other sources. Environmental Concentration Distribution （ECD） and Species Sensitivity Distribution （SSD） were achieved after Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The risk quotient distributions were acquired using Monte Carlo simulation. The aquatic ecological risks caused by single OCPs were analyzed. It is shown that endrin and 2,4＇-DDT have the highest risk while HCB and HCHs have the lowest risk. Then the joint ecological risk caused by all 12 OCPs was calculated based on the concept of equivalent concentration and it proves to be significantly higher than risk caused by any single OCP. Furthermore, the probability of aquatic ecological risk was calculated according to different ecological risk criteria （ERC）. The comparative analysis shows that ERC is very important to the result of ecological risk assessment.     

正阳局一流队伍创佳绩

正阳县属于典型的平原农业县，气象工作在当地的经济发展中，地位尤为重要。该局现有专业技术人员8人，其中高级技术职务1人，中级技术职务6人，担负着全县气候资料积累、天气预报、灾害性天气警报、抗旱防汛、森林防火、人工防雹增雨作业、防雷监督检测、农业气象服务等工作。     

江苏省生态资源现状调查及监测服务对策

通过调研分析得出江苏省气象部门生态环境监测评估业务涉及的领域主要是：农田生态系统、湿地生态系统、城市生态系统、森林生态系统、海洋生态系统五个主要方面。规划布5个农业生态监测站、4个林业生态监测站、5个湿地生态监测站、13个城市生态监测站、5个海洋生态监测站。对土壤状态、城市生态环境等七大类生态指标进行监测，向政府等有关部门提供土壤水分及城市生态气候监测和遥感监测信息等8大类几十种生态气象服务产品。     

贵州独山地区晚泥盆世F-F生物灭绝后的先驱生物及其在生态系统重建过程中的意义

生物集群灭绝后, 大多数地区变成一个没有或缺乏生态系统的“生态裸地”. 研究率先进入这一“生态裸地”的先驱生物和在这一“生态裸区”上早期生态系统的形成过程, 对于阐明生物集群灭绝后生物演化非常重要. 晚泥盆世弗拉期(Frasnian)-法门期(Famennian)(F-F)之交生物集群灭绝事件后, 在贵州独山地区遗迹化石的出现和繁盛明显早于其他生物实体化石. 一些构造相对简单、在沉积物表面活动并以食沉积物为主的造迹生物往往率先进入这一集群灭绝后的“生态裸地”, 其习性构造经历了由简单到复杂的、从由二维层面到三度空间的开拓和发展, 遗迹化石的结构显示出这类造迹生物改造沉积物的能力逐渐增强、分异度逐渐增大的觅食效率提高, 逐步建立起一个新的生态系统的基础. 这个过程与前寒武纪-寒武纪之交的遗迹化石所显示的演化特征颇为相近. 弗拉期-法门期生物灭绝事件之后, 独山地区法门期的实体化石因泥盆纪-石炭纪界线之交的又一次灭绝事件只存在复苏阶段, 而缺少辐射阶段, 但遗迹化石结构和多样化演化的特征显示其经历了复苏期和辐射期两个发展阶段. 遗迹化石的演化为其他生物的复苏发挥了必要的生态链铺垫作用. 在生物集群灭绝后的“生态裸地”上, 随着导致灭绝事件的环境因素逐渐消失, 新生态系统的重建经历了“雏形生态系统”和“基础生态系统”两个形成生态链的铺垫阶段后, 逐步形成了一个“发达生态系统”. 新生态系统的建立为生物群复苏奠定了重要的基础.     

北京东灵山三种温带森林生态系统的碳循环

通过对北京山地白桦林、辽东栎林和油松林的植被、地表凋落物和土壤碳储量, 生物量净增量和凋落物量, 以及植被和土壤呼吸的实际观测, 构建了北京山地三种温带森林生态系统的碳循环模式. 结果表明, 北京山地温带森林总碳密度在250~300 t C·hm^-2之间, 其中植被碳密度为35~54 t C·hm^-2, 土壤碳密度(深度为1 m, 包括地表凋落物)为209~244 t C·hm^-2. 三种森林的植被生物量都处于增加之中, 净增量为1.33~3.55 t C·hm^-2·a^-1. 凋落物量为1.63~2.34 t C·hm^-2·a^-1, 群落植被呼吸量为2.19~6.93 t C·hm^-2·a^-1, 土壤异养呼吸量为1.81~3.49 t C·hm^-2·a^-1. 生态系统的总初级生产力介于5.39~12.82 t C·hm^-2·a^-1之间, 其中约一半(46%~59%)转变为净初级生产力(3.20~5.89 t C·hm^-2·a^-1). 碳平衡分析表明, 在研究时段(1992~ 1994)内, 人工油松林是一个较大的碳汇(4.08 t C·hm^-2·a^-1), 而次生的白桦林和辽东栎林与大气之间的CO₂交换基本处于平衡状态.     

青藏高原草地生态系统土壤有机碳动态特征

青藏高原草地碳动态对区域乃至全球碳循环都有非常重要的影响. 采用生态系统碳循环模型—CENTURY模型4.5版本探讨了青藏高原草地生态系统土壤有机碳(0~20 cm)在1960~2002年间的年际动态变化特征及其区域分异特征. CENTURY模型模拟的地上部分生物量与土壤表层有机碳与实测结果有较好的一致性. 从1960~2002年, 8个典型草地生态系统土壤有机碳含量表现出明显年际的波动, 变化幅度随生态系统土壤有机碳含量增加而增大; 青藏高原草地有机碳总量和主要草地生态系统有机碳总量也呈现出明显的年际变化, 而以1990~2000年期间的年际变化幅度最大, 在这期间主要生态系统有机碳总量都呈现出先上升而后迅速下降的变化. 土壤有机碳含量的区域分布特征表现出从东南向西北降低的地带性分异, 同时在东北和东南表现出非地带性分异特征. 该研究表明: 近40年来青藏高原典型草地生态系统随气候变动有比较敏感的响应, 同时, 在假定生态系统生理特性不变的条件下, 近10年来的气候变动增加了青藏高原草地土壤有机碳的积累和排放速度.     

中亚热带季节性干旱对千烟洲人工林生态系统碳吸收的影响

千烟洲中亚热带人工林生态系统受典型亚热带大陆性季风气候影响,其特点是年水热资源丰富,但是夏季水热资源分布明显不同步,经常受到季节性高温干旱胁迫的影响.作为中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)的组成部分,利用涡度相关技术对千烟洲人工林生态系统CO2通量进行了长期连续的观测.本研究基于2003和2004年月尺度的净生态系统生产力(NEP)、生态系统呼吸(Re)和总生态系统生产力(GEP)数据,初步分析和探讨了季节性干旱对生态系统碳吸收的影响.结果表明,2003和2004年该生态系统的碳吸收都呈现双峰曲线式的季节变化模式.生态系统碳平衡的两个组分Re和GEP的耦合关系决定了生态系统的碳吸收特征.生态系统碳吸收的降低程度取决于季节性干旱期间温度升高和降水量减少的耦合程度.Re和GEP都会受到干旱胁迫的影响,但是响应的方式与程度有所不同,是造成森林生态系统源/汇强度变化的根本原因.