公路建设生态环境效益评价指标体系研究

随着经济的发展,基础设施建设的大量展开,公路建设活动对生态环境的压力日渐突出,已经成为生态环境破坏的主要原因之一.本文以环境经济学与生态系统服务价值为依据,从公路建设所带来的环境污染和生态破坏两个方面分析公路建设对路域生态环境的负面效应,并考虑环境保护工程带来的正面效应,兼顾环保工程建设费用,探索建立公路建设生态环境效益评价的指标体系,并分析了其计算方法和适用条件.     

全面落实科学发展观，努力建设富裕文明和谐新甘泉

甘泉县位于革命圣地延安市城南37公里处,因县城南有神林山麓美水泉而得名。全县总人口8．02万,县域总面积2300．7平方公里,天然次生林总面积188万亩,森林覆盖率为57．5％。境内有大小河流15条,其中流域面积在100平方公里以上的河流有8条。境内秦直道、千年银杏树、国家级劳山森林公园等历史遗迹和自然景观远近闻名。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的林地变化检测方法研究

本文采用2013年QuickBird和2017年GF-1卫星遥感影像,以黑龙江省五常市为研究区,利用遥感影像的光谱特征提取纯净森林像元,构建整合森林指数(Integrated Forest Z-Score,IFZ)对影像的森林和非森林区域进行区分,叠加对比分析两期影像提取结果,得到研究区内林地的变化区域.再将自动提取结果与人工判读图斑进行精度验证,面积误差为4.2％,图斑重叠率为85％.从精度结果可知,高分辨遥感影像可以准确地监测林地变化,对研究环境变化和森林经营管理具有决策性作用.     

The acid neutralizing capacity （ANC） of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems

Acidification is considered the most important one of the primary chemical stress factors that impact on freshwater ecosystems. In unpolluted freshwater systems, the primary controls on the degree of acidification are factors such as the geological substrate of the catchment area, the presence of organic acids secreted by vegetation in the river system, and equilibrium exchange of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. Anthropogenic factors that can impact on the degree of acidification of freshwater systems include agricultural, mining and industrial activities, either through direct runoff into river systems or through deposition of atmospheric pollutants from these sources. The capacity factors alkalinity and acidity, which represent the acid- and base-neutralizing capacity （ANC and BCN） of an aqueous system, have been used as more reliable measures of the acidic character of freshwater systems than pH. Unlike pH, ANC and BNC are not affected by parameters such as temperature and pressure. Therefore, ANC has been employed as a predictor of biological status in critical load assessments. Freshwater systems with ANC＇s eq/L isμeq/L are considered sensitive to acidification, ANC=0 μbelow 150 commonly used as the predictor for fish species such as trout in lakes, and an eq/L as more realistic for streams. Acid-neutralizing capacity μANC value of 40 （ANC） can be determined by titration with a strong acid to a preselected equivalence point. Alternatively, it can be calculated as the difference between base cations （[BC]） and strong acid anions （[SAA]）： ANC=[BC]- [SAA]=[Ca^2＋]＋[Mg^2＋]＋[Na^＋]＋[K^＋]-[SO4^2-]-[NO3^-]-[Cl^-] To date, there has been no attempt to establish the ANC of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems or variability therein, despite the fact that long-term water quality monitoring data exist for all the parameters needed to calculate it according to the above equations. As a result, the relationship between the acid neutralizing capacity of freshwater ecosystems in South Africa and biodiversity factors, such as fish status, is unknown. Results of the first comprehensive （country-wide scale） evaluation of the acid neutralizing capacity of river systems in South Africa will be presented. Long-term monitoring data obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry （DWAF） from most of South Africa＇s river systems were used to establish geographic and temporal variabilities in ANC. The results show that the Berg and Breede River systems are most susceptible to acidification, and that geological substrate appears to explain most of the geographic variabilities observed.     

Occurrence of microorganic pollutants in the atmosphere of Singapore during haze and non-haze periods

Microorganic pollutants such as polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, organochlorine pesticides （OCPs）, polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and total petroleum hydrocarbons （TPHs） are known to be present in urban ambient air. These organic compounds are prone to atmospheric transport and deposition over long distances, thus enabling them to accumulate even in regions remote from their sources. Deposition from the atmosphere can be via direct deposition and exchange with crops that may be directly or indirectly ingested by humans. It can also take place via wet and dry deposition and air-water exchange. Following their deposition, these microorganic pollutants tend to accumulate in soils, sediments and in human and ecological food chains. There are many reports in the literature on the atmospheric concentrations of microorganic pollutants, but there are few reports and data in Asia. This study was performed in Singapore to determine the relative amounts of persistent organic pollutants and TPHs in ambient aerosols. One of the important sources of these organic compounds in Southeast Asia is thought to be biomass burning （vegetation fires）. Hence, air sampling was conducted during both smoke haze and non-haze periods. The data obtained from this study will be presented and discussed.     

海滨湿地生态系统的热点研究

海滨湿地具有强大的生态服务功能,然而由于人类活动的长期和强烈干扰,导致该系统严重受损和退化。海滨湿地生态系统的严重退化引起国内外学术界的高度关注。有关其退化及生态恢复的研究热点涉及该系统的演化与机制、对外来种入侵的响应与生态控制、退化海滨湿地生态系统的修复、生态系统健康的评估及其保护与利用平衡的研究。本文综述了上述热点研究的进展,有利于把握国际前沿研究动态,借鉴最新研究方法和经验,推动我国在这一领域的研究尽快赶上国际先进水平。     

基于RS和GIS的青藏高原草地生态系统土壤水分保持功能及其经济价值评估——以生长季为例

根据生态系统服务功能理论,利用RS和G IS技术,以土壤含水量为基础因子,对青藏高原区草地生态系统的土壤水分保持功能及其价值的动态变化过程进行有效评价,以直接的货币形式反映出青藏高原主要草地类型的土壤水分保持功能的大小。通过计算和分析发现:(1)由于草地类型分布面积、单位面积保持量的影响,各种类型草地提供的土壤水分保持功能及其价值贡献率有较大差异,按照大小依次为:高寒草原类、高寒草甸类,高寒荒漠类、高寒草甸草原类和温性山地草甸类;(2)草地对土壤水分保持量及其价值呈现出较强的阶段性变化过程;(3)由于各种草地类型所处地理区域不同、草地本身各种自然特点和整体生态功能的不同,青藏高原草地生态系统提供的土壤水分保持功能及其经济价值呈现出明显的地域分布规律:自西北至东南逐渐降低。应该说,由于青藏高原地域、地理和独特气候等原因所致,本文计算得出的青藏高原草地生态系统土壤水分保持功能及其价值的具体数值不一定十分准确,但是能在一定程度上反映出土壤水分保持功能的强大及其在生长季中随时间变化的动态过程和基本规律(这种规律性结论与前人研究结论一致),这是一种在区域尺度上揭示草地生态系统土壤水分保持功能及其价值动态变化过程的方法尝试,这也是对动态评估生态服务功能的一种有益尝试。     

中国科学院王夔院士访问中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所策勒站

2006年8月11日，中国科学院院士、北京大学药学院王夔教授一行五人莅临中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所策勒荒漠生态系统国家野外研究站进行访问。     

中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所三个野外站接受院CERN专家组综合评估

根据中国科学院中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)2001-2005年综合评估的统一安排,2005年5月27日至6月2日,由中国科学院资源环境科学与技术局副局长冯仁国带队的中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)野外台站评估专家组一行对新疆生地所的阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外研究站、阿克苏绿洲农田生态系统国家野外研究站、策勒荒漠生态系统国家野外研究站进行了综合评估和创新二期基础设施建设验收。