粤西海陵湾养殖区邻近海域大型底栖动物生态学特征

根据2014—2016年粤西海陵湾养殖区湾内和湾外邻近海域21°27′—21°38′N、111°42′—111°57′E 4个航次调查资料,对其大型底栖动物生态学特征进行了研究。结果表明,共鉴定大型底栖动物64种,春季种类最多为39种,秋季最低为17种。4季均以环节动物种类数最多,软体动物次之。不同季节间优势种有所差异,仅倍棘蛇尾Amphioplus sp.为周年优势种。春、夏、秋和冬季第一优势种分别为倍棘蛇尾、菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum、短吻铲荚螠Listriolobus brevirostris和平蛤蜊Mactra mera。平均丰度和生物量分别为213ind./m~2和15.4g/m~2,其中丰度以春季最高为248ind./m~2,夏季最低为167ind./m~2,而生物量则以秋季最高为28.0g/m~2,春季最低为2.4g/m~2;平面分布总体呈现湾外高于湾内的趋势。底栖动物Pielou均匀度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.95—1.00和1.56—4.07,其中时间分布规律明显,春季最高,秋季最低;空间上,两者无明显分布差异。群落结构时空差异显著,为沉积物类型、水深、底层无机氮和悬浮物以及捕食压力等因素共同影响的结果。     

The relationship between soft-bottom macrobenthic communities and environmental variables off Ningjin, eastern Shandong Peninsula

Macrobenthic infauna and associated environmental factors influencing the benthic community in the eastern coastal region of Shandong Peninsula were analyzed in four seasonal surveys from January 2007 to October 2007 (30 stations in winter, 20 stations in other three seasons), in order to understand the community structure and the factors unfluencing the benthic distribution. PRIMER 6.0 and SPSS 15.0 software packages were adopted to analyze the environmental and macrobenthic data. The results show that there were 260 macrobenthic species in total collected from the research region. The composition of species is:Polychaeta (94 species), Crustacea (75), Mollusca (56) and Echinoderm (12), among which, only 23 species were common species in the cruises of every season. The dominant species varied from season to season; however, the polychaete species Paralacydonia paradoxa Fauvel and Echinoderm species Amphioplus japonicus (Matsumoto) were always present year-round. The abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos in the research region were variable from season to season. The results of CLUSTER and MDS analysis show that the similarities of macrobenthic structures between the stations were low; most of the similarities were at about 30% of similarity value, only two stations were up to 70%. In accordance with the similarity values of the macrobenthic structures, we divided the 20 stations into five groups by arbitrary similarity level of 30%. The ABC curve indicates that the marcofauna communities in the research region had not been disturbed massively, except two stations, SB1 and SB3. Ecologically, benthos were controlled by a combination of factors such as salinity, phytoplankton, zooplankton, SiO₃-Si and temperature, and no single factor could be considered as an ecological master factor.     

生活百科

哪些食物会使皮肤变黑?研究证明,酪氨酸酶的活性与体内的铜、铁、锌等元素,密切相关。经常进食富含酩氨酸和稀有元素锌、铜、铁的食物,例如动物内脏肝、肾、甲壳动物蛤、蟹、河螺、牡     

必需脂肪酸在海洋食物链中的作用

"硅藻-桡足类-鱼类"是海洋生态系统中物质循环和能量流动的主要环节[1].在海洋食物链中,饵料的数量和营养价值是各营养级海洋动物生长和繁殖的主要制约因素[2].影响饵料营养价值的化学组分包括蛋白质、脂类、糖类、矿物质、维生素等,其中脂类物质作为浮游植物营养成分的重要组成部分,在动物的细胞膜、视网膜、脑、神经组织和某些激素的合成中具有不可替代的作用[3].     

大嵛山附近海域游泳动物种类组成和资源现状及其变化分析

2006年1月～10月福建闽东大嵛山附近海域游泳动物调查研究结果表明,该海域的游泳动物有97种,其中鱼类51种（软骨鱼1种,硬骨鱼类50种）,隶属于9目24科42属;甲壳类42种,隶属于2目15科20属;头足类4种,隶属于3目3科3属.暖水性种类为33种,占鱼类总种数的64.7%;暖温性鱼类18种,占鱼类总种数的35.3%,未出现冷温性和冷水性鱼类.种类数的季节变化依次呈夏季〉冬季〉秋季〉春季.生物量的季节变化,依次呈夏季〉秋季〉春季〉冬季;而生物量尾数的季节变化,依次呈夏季〉春季〉秋季〉冬季.平均单位网次渔获生物量和密度分别为9.53kg/h和1 319 ind/h.生物量优势种和密度优势种分别为大黄鱼和中华管鞭虾.扫海面积法估算年平均现存资源量为57 370 ind/km^2和404.51kg/km^2.同时,本文对该海域游泳生物的资源结构现状与历史调查数据作了对比分析,并讨论了多样性结构与生物量的季节性变化规律.结果表明,该海域渔业资源有严重衰退的现象,多样性结构与生物量的季节性变化并不具有必然的一致性.     

天津近海小型底栖动物丰度研究

2006年7月至2007年10月在渤海湾天津近海的15个站位,分春、夏、秋、冬4个航次进行了小型底栖动物丰度的调查.通过对未受扰动沉积物样品中的生物分析,共采集到线虫、桡足类、多毛类、介形类、寡毛类、双壳类、动吻类等小型底栖动物类群和少量未鉴定实体,其中线虫为优势类群,占总丰度的90%以上.调查海域小型底栖动物丰度春、夏、秋、冬依次为(405.4±154.8)ind/10cm2,(417.6±38.6)imd/10 cm2,(161.6±64.5)ind/10cm2和204.7±69.7ind/10 cm2,区内的分布以中部海域居多.小型底栖动物丰度值存在季节变化,春季和夏季平均丰度值较高,夏季略高于春季;秋冬季值偏低.小型底柄动物多分布于沉积物0～5 cm层次,占总量的85.9%～92.9%.春季和秋季的小型底栖动物丰度值与沉积物叶绿素a含量显著相关.与我国近海海域研究资料比较显示,目前渤海湾天津近海小型底栖动物丰度值略低.     

海州湾潮间带大型底栖动物的分布特征

于2002年6月对海州湾3种底质的潮间带底栖动物进行了采样分析.结果显示,该区被鉴定出的大型底栖动物共有98种,其中多毛类为13种、软体动物为53种、甲壳类为25种、棘皮动物为2种、其它类动物为5种,软体动物和甲壳类的种类可占80%;该区潮间带大型底栖动物的平均生物量和平均栖息密度分别为257.30 g/m2和953个/m2,软体动物生物量(201.19 g/m2)和栖息密度(727 个/m2)分别占总数的78%和76%.经底栖动物种类相似性聚类分析和多维尺度排序,可将该区潮间带大型底栖动物划分为岩礁、沙滩和泥沙滩3个群落.通过对3个底栖动物群落的生态特征及相关环境因子分析得出:对于种类,泥沙滩群落 > 岩礁群落 > 沙滩群落;对于生物量、息栖密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数,岩礁群落 > 泥沙滩群落 > 沙滩群落;泥沙滩群落中的TE断面优势种分布显著而使多样性指数和均匀度指数明显低于其它两条泥沙滩断面.沙滩群落和岩礁群落的底栖动物分布分别与海水浴场和货运码头较多的人为活动影响有关,而泥沙滩群落的分布差异主要与海岸开敞度、海流潮汐作用、滩涂贝类养殖及优势种分布影响有关.泥沙滩是该区经济贝类的重要养殖场所,为使养殖种类健康生长,建议对沿岸排污口水质及养殖区沉积物环境质量进行定期监测.     

Impacts of soil fauna on litter decomposition at different succession stages of wetland in Sanjiang Plain, China

Litter decomposition is the key process in nutrient recycling and energy flow. The present study examined the impacts of soil fauna on decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes at three succession stages of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, China using different mesh litterbags. The results show that in each succession stage of wetland, soil fauna can obviously increase litter decomposition rates. The average contribution of whole soil fauna to litter mass loss was 35.35%. The more complex the soil fauna group, the more significant the role of soil fauna. The average loss of three types of litter in the 4mm mesh litterbags was 0.3–4.1 times that in 0.058mm ones. The decomposition function of soil fauna to litter mass changed with the wetland succession. The average contribution of soil fauna to litter loss firstly decreased from 34.96% (Carex lasiocapa) to 32.94% (Carex meyeriana), then increased to 38.16% (Calamagrostics angustifolia). The contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition rates vary according to the litter substrata, soil fauna communities and seasons. Significant effects were respectively found in August and July on C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa, while in June and August on C. meyeriana. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and the C/N and C/P ratios of decaying litter can be influenced by soil fauna. At different wetland succession stages, the effects of soil fauna on nutrient elements also differ greatly, which shows the significant difference of influencing element types and degrees. Soil fauna communities strongly influenced the TC and TP concentrations of C. meyeriana litter, and TP content of C. lasiocapa. Our results indicate that soil fauna have important effects on litter decomposition and this influence will vary with the wetland succession and seasonal variation. Foundation item: Under the auspices of State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2009CB421103), Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40830535/D0101), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-BR-16, KSCX2-YW-N-46-06)     

北京北运河水系夏季底栖动物功能摄食类群与环境因子的关系

【目的】评价北京北运河水系河流生态系统状态,分析底栖动物群落与环境因子之间的相关性。【方法】2015年6月对北京地区夏季北运河水系33个样点的大型底栖动物群落结构和水环境理化因子特征进行野外调查,基于香浓维纳指数、均匀度指数、底栖动物功能摄食类群的划分以及典范对应分析等方法,分析底栖动物群落组成和空间结构特征。【结果】共鉴定出底栖动物3门23种,各采样点位平均密度为1037.35 ind/L,香浓维纳指数平均值为0.88,均匀度平均值为0.41。全区大型底栖动物共划分成5类功能摄食类群,其中刮食者物种数占绝对优势,滤食者密度占绝对优势。典范对应分析表明,夏季影响北运河底栖动物功能摄食类群的主要环境因子是水温和p H。【结论】北运河水系底栖动物群落香浓维纳指数较低,水体污染较为严重。     

Cultivation of marine sponges

Sponges are the most primitive of multicellular animals, and are major pharmaceutical sources of marine secondary metabolites. A wide variety of new compounds have been isolated from sponges. In order to produce sufficient amounts of the compounds of the needed, it is necessary to obtain large amount of sponges.The production of sponge biomass has become a focus of marine biotechnology.