新世纪版《国家普通地图集》的内容策划与结构设计

新世纪版《国家普通地图集》是国家科技基础性工作专项《国家大地图集》系列编研项目之一,它以相对平衡的程度详细表示了水系、地貌、居民地、交通、境界、土质植被等基础地理要素的空间分布。为了适应生态文明建设和新型城镇化发展的要求,增设了地表覆盖图组和城市图组,构建了普通地图集的新型结构模式,本文主要对地图集的编研理论与内容策划、选题原则与顾及因素、结构设计与图幅编排进行了探讨和研究。     

Urban three-dimensional expansion and its driving forces —A case study of Shanghai, China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase, and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization. Taking Shanghai as an example, the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city’s vertical and horizontal increases respectively, and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion. The research drew following conclusions: 1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature, and could be divided into three stages: vertical expansion in dominance, coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion, and horizontal expansion in dominance. 2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs, but the changing speed of the latter was faster. And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city’s horizontal expansion, while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion. Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city’s political factors.     

兴都库什山脉的长度

“刘老师,《中国大百科全书》第二版自出版以来,得到新老读者的厚爱……在第二次印刷即将开始之际,我们又进行了一次质量检查,在您写的‘伊朗高原’一条中,有检查同志对条内数据提出疑问,请刘老师帮助核对一下……涂红部分为有疑问地方,绿色为我认为应该改正的数字,下附该词条原文。”     

三维空间中简单线与体之间的拓扑关系研究

三维空间对象的拓扑关系对于研究三维空间对象的操作及其算法至关重要。本文在详细研究拓扑关系的9-交和4-交模型的基础上,指出了它们在表达简单线与体拓扑关系上的局限性,9-交模型的线性相关性以及4-交模型的不完备性。进而提出简单线与体拓扑关系表达的扩展4-交模型,运用扩展4-交模型详细分析了简单线与体的拓扑关系,并给出图示。接着对所提扩展4-交模型线性无关性及完备性进行了论证。最后对所提出的扩展4-交模型进行了总结性说明。     

A Global Reliability Assessment Method on Aging Offshore Platforms with Corrosion and Cracks

Corrosion and fatigue cracks are major threats to the structural integrity of aging offshore platforms. For the rational estimation of the safety levels of aging platforms, a global reliability assessment approach for aging offshore platforms with corrosion and fatigue cracks is presented in this paper. The base shear capacity is taken as the global ultimate strength of the offshore platforms. It is modeled as a random process that decreases with time in the presence of corrosion and fatigue crack propagati...     

深海管道钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性试验研究

采用侧壁开槽型CT试样,分别在空气和3.5%NaCl溶液中进行腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究海底管道用钢X65在海水腐蚀环境下的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性。为保证试样既能满足腐蚀疲劳试验机的夹具要求,又可控制裂纹沿直线方向扩展,采用侧壁开槽技术对CT试样进行改进;利用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立三维模型,验证了对于侧壁开槽型CT试样,可以采用ASTM标准推荐的应力强度因子表达式对改进后CT试样开展数值计算。利用YYF-50腐蚀疲劳试验装置开展试验,试验结果表明:和惰性环境相比,腐蚀环境不仅会加速X65钢的裂纹扩展速率,还会降低腐蚀疲劳体系下裂纹扩展的门槛值;在腐蚀体系下存在裂纹扩展的稳定阶段,可采用Paris公式对其腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行预测。     

西藏盐湖卤水蒸发速率的实验与计算

本文对国内外水面蒸发速率的研究进行了综述,总结了西藏扎布耶盐湖Φ20cm蒸发皿淡水蒸发量与气温、降水、日照的相关关系,提出了改进的扩展彭曼公式法,用于较为准确地计算盐湖卤水蒸发速率,并以西藏扎布耶盐湖为例计算了盐湖卤水蒸发。该方法可以应用于盐湖湖面蒸发与水量均衡计算,也可以应用于盐湖开发中的盐田工艺设计计算与实际生产应用。     

长江三角洲城市带扩展对区域温度变化的影响

Based on non-radiance-calibrated DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery from 1992 to 2003, urban land area statistical data, meteorological data and land surface temperature data retrieved by MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR data, the influence of urbanization on regional cli- matic trend of temperature in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was analyzed. Conclusions are as follows: 1) There is a significant urbanization process from 1992 to 2003 in the YRD. Four city clusters of Nanjing–Zhenjiang–Yangzhou, Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay form a zigzag city belt. The increase rate of annual mean air temperature in city-belt is 0.28–0.44℃/10a from 1991 to 2005, which is far larger than that of non-city-belt. 2) The urban heat island (UHI) effect on regional mean air temperature in different seasons is summer>autumn>spring>winter. 3) The UHI intensity and the urban total population logarithm are creditably correlated. 4) The UHI effect made the regional annual mean air temperature increased 0.072℃ from 1961 to 2005, of which 0.047℃ from 1991 to 2005, and the annual maximum air temperature increased 0.162℃, of which 0.083℃ from 1991 to 2005. All these indicating that the urban expansion in the YRD from 1991 to 2005 may be regarded as a serious climate signal.     

磁性目标跟踪的多模型自适应滤波方法

针对非协作磁性目标定位中初始条件难以确定的问题,提出一种基于静态多模型滤波思想的自适应跟踪方法。 首先对磁场观测模型进行分析,设计了一种磁性目标初始参数估算方法,通过该方法得到不同假设条件下的磁性目标状态初值及其误差矩阵,在此基础上起始多个扩展卡尔曼滤波器(Extended Kalman Filter, EKF) 进行求解,根据各个滤波器的求解结果利用最大似然准则选取最佳解作为当前时刻估计结果。 通过仿真实验验证了方法的有效性,结果表明,方法可在目标源及位置等先验信息完全未知条件下准确估计出真实目标状态,对磁性目标实际应用具有参考价值。     

全球Argo资料共享与服务平台设计与实现

Argo资料已成为海洋环境和气候变化研究重要的实测资料来源和基础数据支撑。自2007年全球Argo实时海洋观测网建成以来,每年产生的Argo资料稳固增长,数据总量呈现出海量增长趋势,如何实时有效地对Argo数据进行组织管理与信息服务已成为当前Argo资料共享的关键难题。本文针对Argo数据多源异构的时空特性及多元化的信息服务需求,综合运用分布式混合数据库架构,设计了一种适用于全球Argo资料组织管理的弹性扩展云存储模型,建立了基于Matlab的Argo网格化产品高效可视化方法,构建了基于Flex RIA的WebGIS服务框架,并研制了"全球Argo资料共享与服务平台"实例。平台实现了对全球Argo资料的查询浏览、快速下载及可视化分析等功能,并已在中国Argo实时资料中心部署及对外服务。