黄海粘土沉积物的来源与分布

本文根据区域自然地理原理,划分黄海粘土沉积物的补给区,在粘土矿物鉴定的基础上,用法方程定量探明黄海粘土沉积物的来源与分布,绘出黄海粘土沉积物分布图。图示:黄海来源于长江的粘土沉积物的分布面积,占其总面积的56.5%,来源于黄河的占43.5%。粘土沉积物的分布同洋流、海流的分布相吻合。     

泥沙起动判别标准探讨

分析了现有起动标准的不足之处。在制定起动标准时,不但要考虑水流条件,还必须考虑泥沙颗粒在床面的相对位置。对同一粒径的泥沙颗粒,其起动条件不是一个常量,而是位于一个区间,它随颗粒在床面的相对暴露度而变化。根据力学原理,推导了泥沙颗粒起动时的临界无量纲切应力公式,并对其系数取值进行了理论计算。计算结果表明,对同一粒径、在同一起动状态下,泥沙颗粒的起动临界条件并非一个常量。并从理论上分析得到了临界值的范围,对个别及少量起动,其无量纲临界切应力为0.021～0.042及0.041～0.062。     

洞庭湖泥沙淤积数值模拟模式

在确保沙量守恒的非恒定流、非均匀沙的二维水沙数学模型的基础上,通过洞庭湖水沙输运和河床变形计算实践,比较了两种冲泻质与床沙质的转化模式,提出了包括冲泻质在内的泥沙淤积模式和水沙动边界计算模式.从洞庭湖泥沙输运和河床变形计算的结果看,洞庭湖泥沙淤积数值模式具有较好的稳定性和较高的模拟精度,说明所建湖泊泥沙模型的良好性能和具有推广运用的前景.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELATIONA OF BED MORPHOLOGY WITH SURFACE FLOW IN MEANDER CHANNELS

Alternate bars have the property that they migrate downstream whenever floods occur. However, in meander channels whose bend angles are larger than a critical value, the migration of bars can be suppressed, and the positions of bank erosion and flood attack also will be steady. In this study, the bed morphology in flume channels with bends of various lengths and angles is investigated at various flow discharges, and the relation of bed morphology to surface flow is investigated in detail using fluid measuring software. An effort is made to obtain guidelines for the plane shape design of meander channels. Based on the experimental results of bed topography and measurement of surface flow direction and velocity distribution, from the viewpoint of bank erosion and the concentration and dispersion of flood flow the most suitable plane shape for meandering channels is suggested through which the migration of alternate bars is suppressed.     

Book Review

The construction and operation of reservoirs can bring many benefits to the society, such as irrigation, flood control, navigation, power generation, recreation, and environmental benefits. As soon as a reservoir is completed and starts storing water, part or most of the sediment transport processes in a river is interrupted. Most of the incoming sediments are trapped in the reservoir, forming delta with back water affecting a long distance upstream. Reservoir sedimentation can reduce the reservoir＇s volume needed for flood control, irrigation, water supply, power generation, navigation, etc. As sediments approaching hydraulic structures, the operation of structures can be adversely affected or render useless. If no action is taken to remediate the sedimentation problems, a reservoir may lose its original design functions, and may pose a safety concern.     

INTEGRATION OF THE MODELS OF ANNAGNPS AND REMM TO ASSESS RIPARIAN BUFFER SYSTEM FOR SEDIMENT REDUCTION

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution model (AnnAGNPS) is used to help evaluate a watershed response to agricultural management practices to control water quality. However, AnnAGNPS version 3.5 does not contain features to estimate the effect of a riparian buffer (RB) system on water quality. The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) is used to simulate the impact of riparian buffer systems on water quality. However, frequently the lack of measured upland loadings that are required by REMM simulation limits the application of REMM. To address this data gap, a study was conducted to integrate AnnAGNPS with REMM for RB system simulation. AnnAGNPS was used to simulate water and sediment loadings from an upland field into a three-zone RB system at the Gibbs Farm located in the Georgia coastal plain. These AnnAGNPS outputs were used as the inputs to REMM. REMM was used to simulate water and sediment movement along the riparian buffers. The AnnAGNPS simulated amount of annual runoff at the edge of the field was close to observed amounts (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.92). It is believed that a substantial portion of sand was removed from the runoff one meter into the grass buffer where the samplers were located; therefore, sand was excluded from the AnnAGNPS simulation for comparison with observed sediment. Excluding sand, the AnnAGNPS predicted amount of annual sediment matches the observed amount fairly well (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.46). In addition, based on evaluating the percent reduction of sediment at each zonal interface, the AnnAGNPS/REMM model well simulated the function of the RB system to reduce sediment.     

博尔塔拉河温泉水文站输沙率与流量异步施测法分析

在悬移质输沙率与流量异步施测法基本原理分析的基础上,根据河流特性建立了多年综合及相邻流量测次累积面积百分数与累积流量百分数相关曲线法不同的部分流量权重系数借用方案。经实测资料检验输沙率与流量异步施测法的计算误差符合《河流悬移质泥沙测验规范》精度要求,能满足悬移质泥沙测验的生产需求。     

断面输沙率计算方法的商榷

１我国现行使用的断面输沙率计算方法我国现行水文断面输沙率计算方法,按国家技术监督局和中华人民共和国建设部１９９２年７月２４日联合发布的《河流悬移质泥沙测验规范》规定：河道断面输沙率由部分输沙率求和而得,计算公式为：Ｑｓ＝Ｃｓｍ１·ｑ０＋１２（Ｃｓｍ１...     

砂粒粒径与砂层厚度对单体筐养养殖系统中三疣梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响研究*

提要 在梭子蟹的单体筐养养殖系统中,试验了生态掩体(砂盒)中不同的砂粒粒径大小以及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响。砂粒粒径设三个水平,分别为：>2 mm、<0.2 mm以及混合砂;砂层厚度有0cm、2cm、5cm、8cm四个水平。试验共进行6天,结果表明：砂粒粒径及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食与生长都有明显的影响。从砂粒粒径看,幼蟹在细砂(SPS)中挖洞休息,蟹体与砂面呈30-45°角,仅露眼睛及触角在外。一天内有3-6次进食,总进食时间为142.7±22.52 min,在摄食次数、总进食时间、平均摄食量(0.2427±0.0137 g/gBW)、以及脱皮及成活率都远高于其他粒径组,该组中幼蟹的体重增长最快,增加了0.814±0.113 g,增长率为91.5±3.43%;而该组的饵料系数(FCR)最低为1.17±0.11。因此,筐养养殖系统砂掩体的砂粒粒径最好为0.2 mm以下。砂层厚度也有类似结果,5 cm以上厚度养殖效果最佳。平均摄食量为0.2087±0.0046 g/gBW,该厚度下,幼蟹无死亡、100%脱皮,体重也增加最快,增加了0.791±0.121 g,增长率为88.9±3.74%,饵料系数(FCR)达到1.37±0.23,表明筐养系统掩体中砂层厚度要在5 cm以上。三种保护性酶类(SOD, POD, CAT)活性随着砂粒粒径变小和砂层厚度增加而降低,而消化酶类(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂酶)活性则表现与保护性酶类相反特性。从两类酶的活性变化也能证实,在优选条件下(细砂、厚度>5 cm),幼蟹所受的胁迫在降低。