湖北省重大天气气候事件公众评选尝试及引发的气象服务思考

简单介绍了湖北省气候特征、2008年天气气候特点和由湖北省气象专家遴选的2008年湖北省17件重大天气气候事件,目的是希望通过公共媒体开展公众评选活动,引导公众关心、关注并参与气象工作。从评选的结果可以看出,公众对重大天气气候事件的判断角度与气象专家的判断角度有一定的不同,公众把造成人员伤亡和财产损失的天气气候事件放在更加突出的位置,而气象专家更多地是判断天气气候事件气象要素值在历史记录中的极端数据所处地位置。针对这一结果,作者提出了加强公共气象服务的六点思考,对于气象部门更好地开展公共气象服务有一定借鉴和启发。     

灾难报道与新闻媒体的人文关怀

本文着重就如何在灾难性事件报道中体现人文关怀进行分析,认为成功的灾难报道应从对受众、受难者和人性的关注这三个方面让人们感受到灾难事件中的人性美,从而鼓舞人们直面悲剧事件、增强抗灾信心,以推动事件的妥善处理、维护社会稳定大局。     

气候突发事件对我国股市的影响研究

试图从气候变化引发的突发性气候灾害事件与股市波动的关系角度,运用事件分析方法,以1998年洪灾和2008年冰雪灾害为样本点,实证分析气候突发事件对我国股市的影响,并提出相关对策建议。     

4月台风“利奥”和“浣熊”的对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR-2再分析资料和NOAA的向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,比较分析了近60年来登陆我国大陆的两个4月台风9902(LEO,利奥)和0801(NEOGURI,浣熊)的生成发展背景、路径变化和风雨分布特征。结果表明:(1)4月台风"利奥"和"浣熊"均是在La Ni?a事件下发生,在此背景下南海地区偏强的对流活动、弱的水平风垂直切变和高层辐散条件有利于4月台风的形成;"利奥"由季风低压发展而成,"浣熊"由东风波演变而成;(2)"利奥"路径多变与大陆冷高压强盛和副热带高压偏弱多变有关;"浣熊"移动则受偏强且稳定的副高环流影响,路径以稳定西北行为主;(3)"利奥"和"浣熊"登陆时强度和地形条件相似,热带气旋带来的强降水量级差异主要受水汽输送和动力抬升大小及持续时间的影响。     

NUMERICAL MODELING STUDY OF EFFECTS OF EASTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL ON ENSO

In this study, sensitivity experiments were conducted with the Zebiak-Cane ocean-atmosphere coupled model forced by the wind stress anomaly from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data to study the impacts of eastern Pacific warm pool on the formation and development of ENSO events. The effects of climatological mean sea surface temperature of the warm pool on forecast skill during the ENSO events of 1982–1999 are more considerable that those of climatological mean meridional winds and ocean currents. The forecast skill for the 1997/1998 El Ni?o event is characterized by sensitivity to climatological mean sea surface temperature and anomalies of northerly winds and currents. The forecast skill is found insensitive to climatological mean northerly meridional winds and currents.     

Variations in the summer monsoon rainbands across eastern China over the past 300 years

Based on reconstructions of precipitation events from the rain and snowfall archives of the Qing Dynasty (1736–1911),the drought/flood index data mainly derived from Chinese local gazettes from 1736–2000, and the observational data gathered since 1951,the spatial patterns of monsoon rainbands are analyzed at different time scales.Findings indicate that monsoon rainfall in northern China and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River have significant inter-annual(e.g.,5–7-yr and 2–4-yr)as well as inter-de...     

A Simulation Study of the Mesoscale Convective Systems Associated with a Meiyu Frontal Heavy Rain Event

In this study, evolution of the mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） within a Meiyu front during a particularly heavy rainfall event on 22 June 1999 in East China was simulated by using a nonhydrostatic numerical model ARPS （Advanced Regional Prediction System）. Investigations were conducted with emphasis on the impact of the interaction among multi-scale weather systems （MWSs） on the development of MCSs in the Meiyu frontal environment. For this case, the development of MCSs experienced three different stages. （1） The convections associated with MCSs were firstly triggered by the eastward-moving Southwest Vortex （SWV） from the Sichuan Basin, accompanying the intensification of the upper-level jet （ULJ） and the low-level jet （LLJ） that were approaching the Meiyu front. （2） Next, a low-level shear line （LSL） formed, which strengthened and organized the MCSs after the SWV decayed. Meanwhile, the ULJ and LLJ enhanced and produced favorable conditions for the MCSs development. （3） Finally, as the MCSs got intensified, a mesoscale convective vortex （MCV）, a mesoscale LLJ and a mesoscale ULJ were established. Then a coupled-development of MWSs was achieved through the vertical frontal circulations, which further enhanced the MCV and resulted in the heavy rainfall. This is a new physical mechanism for the formation of Meiyu heavy rainfall related to the SWV during the warm season in East China. In the three stages of the heavy rainfall, the vertical frontal circulations exhibited distinguished structures and played a dynamic role, and they enhanced the interaction among the MWSs. A further examination on the formation and evolution of the MCV showed that the MCV was mainly caused by the latent heat release of the MCSs, and the positive feedback between the MCSs and MCV was a key characteristic of the scale interaction in this case.     

事件概率回归估计与降水等级预报

该文对比分析概率回归降水等级预报和回归降水等级预报的差异, 2007年秋季至2008年夏季全国平均检验结果表明:概率回归降水等级预报效果好于回归降水等级预报, 尤其是小雨预报, TS评分明显高于回归降水等级预报, 同预报偏差过大情况也有很大改善。进一步分析表明:回归降水等级预报方法在建立小雨预报方程的样本中, 少数较大降水量的样本方差占总方差的百分比过大, 导致预报方程中反映的预报量与预报因子的关系以少数大降水量样本为主, 是造成小雨预报空报过大的原因。与模式降水预报的对比分析表明:概率回归降水等级预报效果好于模式直接降水预报, 模式降水空报较大情况得到改善。     

夏季北大西洋涛动的过去、现在和未来

北大西洋-欧洲的夏季气候年际变化与著名的冬季北大西洋涛动相似。本文定义夏季北大西洋涛动（SNAO）为夏季北大西洋温带平均海平面气压的经验正交函数（EOF）第一特征向量。与冬季北大西洋涛动相比,SNAO位置更北、空间尺度更小。SNAO也可用聚类分析来检测,它在日和月的时间尺度上具有近似等价的正压结构。尽管它比冬季北大西洋涛动的振幅要小,但因夏季北大西洋风暴路径的位置,SNAO对欧洲北部的降水、温度、多云天气形成强烈影响。因此,它是欧洲西北部发生夏季气候极端事件的重要影响因素,这些极端事件包括洪水、干旱、酷热。众所周知,厄尔尼诺一南方涛动（ENSO）影响夏季的欧洲气候,但SNAO的年际变化受ENSO的影响很小。在年代际时间尺度上,模拟和观测结果均表明SNAO一定程度上与大西洋多年代涛动（AMO）相关。SNAO变化可以追溯到很久以前,用树轮资料重建的1706年以来SNAO变化可以证实这一点。长期的器测资料,像英格兰中部的温度资料,可验证该重建的正确性。最后,有两种气候模式均能模拟SNAO的目前状况,并预测未来随全球温室气体浓度增加,SNAO指数正位相发展趋势更强,这意味着夏季的欧洲西北部将有长期干旱的可能性。     

我国亟须加强全球海洋观测

我国近年来气候变化异常,极端天气事件频繁,引发严重雨雪冰冻、特大干旱等自然灾害,经济损失巨大。为此,在2009年3月25日召开的第三届国际Argo科学研讨会上,国家海洋局第二海洋研究所卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室许建平研究员提出,