A new MODIS daffy cloud free snow cover mapping algorithm on the Tibetan Plateau

Because of similar reflective characteristics of snow and cloud, the weather status seriously affects snow monitoring using optical remote sensing data. Cloud amount analysis during 2010 to 2011 snow seasons shows that cloud cover is the major limitation for snow cover monitoring using MOD10A1 and MYD10A1. By use of MODIS daily snow cover products and AMSR-E snow wa- ter equivalent products （SWE）, several cloud elimination methods were integrated to produce a new daily cloud flee snow cover product, and information of snow depth from 85 climate stations in Tibetan Plateau area （TP） were used to validate the accuracy of the new composite snow cover product. The results indicate that snow classification accuracy of the new daily snow cover product reaches 91.7% when snow depth is over 3 cm. This suggests that the new daily snow cover mapping algorithm is suitable for monitoring snow cover dynamic changes in TP.     

超干处理与保存温度对黄花补血草种子的影响

 采用室温硅胶干燥法超干处理黄花补血草(Limonium aureum）种子,将种子含水量由8.92%分别降至 4.67%、3.54%、2.88%和 1.24%,在室温和5 ℃条件下保存12个月后,测定不同含水量超干种子经缓湿处理后的活力指标变化。试验结果表明:适度超干处理的黄花补血草种子在发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数等几项指标上均高于未超干处理的对照种子,不同含水量的超干种子相对电导率低于对照,脱氢酶活性高于对照,丙二醛含量也低于对照处理种子。在试验中种子含水量不低于3.54%时,超干处理对种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数没有影响。通过对电导率、脱氢酶活性和丙二醛含量的研究表明,适度超干处理对种子细胞膜的完整性没有破坏,相反,可以使黄花补血草种子保持较高的活力,因此,利用超干技术保存黄花补血草种子是一种较为理想的种子保存方法。     

基于有限比较法研究万州区滑带土干重度的概率分布

对万州区滑坡滑带土干重度的86个测试数据进行拟合优度检验,发现多种传统的检验方法都既可以接受正态分布也可以接受对数正态分布.在传统检验方法失效的情况下,引入了有限比较法,确定了干重度的最优概率分布为正态分布,并用统计模拟的方法分析了有限比较法选中真实分布的概率.     

滨海湿地保护:日本的经验

滨海湿地,在日本,一般被称为"干潟",对日本社会可持续发展意义重大。鉴于日本滨海湿地消失速度极快,日本十分重视保护滨海湿地。以《拉姆萨尔公约》为依据,日本出台了一系列有关干潟、浅海域的决议及劝告书。近几年日本国内正热烈讨论制定"湿地保全法"。     

观察微观特征 知晓宏观分布

河流的主要补给形式有大气降水补给、季节性冰雪融水补给、高山冰雪融水补给、湖泊水补给和地下水补给等。如何掌握并加以区分呢？首先从各种补给形式的径流量变化图中的微观特征看：大气降水补给是大多数河流最主要的补给形式,径流量随降水的变化而变化,水量变化大（见图1）;季节性冰雪融水补给主要在春季,水量变化较缓和,春季积雪融化形成春汛（见图2中A）;     

非饱和砂土抗拉强度的试验研究

含水合物土的抗拉强度特性对含水合物地层的稳定评估具有重要意义。以黏质粉土为赋存介质,利用四氢呋喃(THF)合成含水合物土试样,在冷冻库中利用改进后的单轴拉伸装置研究了含水合物土单轴抗拉强度特性。试验结果表明水合物饱和度、试样干密度、细粒含量对含水合物土的抗拉强度存在明显影响。随着水合物饱和度的增加,抗拉强度呈现指数函数的增长趋势。干密度和细粒含量对抗拉强度的影响在不同的水合物饱和度情况下影响不同,在低水合物饱和度情况下,干密度和细粒含量的增加会使抗拉强度增强;而在较高的水合物饱和度情况下,抗拉强度则随着干密度和细粒含量增加而降低。此外,通过分析含水合物土的波速特性,建立抗拉强度与波速之间的经验关系式。这一关系式对采用声波来估算含水合物土试样的抗拉特性具有重要的参考意义。     

阿尔山地区积雪变化特征

选取阿尔山气象站1981—2015年冷季(10月—次年4月)气象资料,利用滑动平均、线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall等方法,对年最大积雪深度、积雪日数、气温和降水量进行分析。结果表明,阿尔山地区年最大积雪深度主要发生在1月至3月,其中2月份概率最大,达50%;34 a内最大积雪深度呈上升趋势(2.77 cm/10a),年平均增加0.98%,且年最大积雪深度在1998年发生了突变,即在1998年之前增长缓慢,在2000年以后上升趋势显著。积雪日数的统计分析表明,初始积雪日数和有效积雪日数呈现略微减少趋势,而稳定积雪日数有微弱的增加趋势;通常初始积雪日数比有效积雪日数大30天左右。年最大积雪深度与稳定积雪时期的降水量、积雪日数、日照时数有显著的相关性,相关系数分别为0.647、0.515、0.584,但与稳定积雪时期的气温没有明显的相关性。在全球变暖的大环境下,积雪深度随着降水量和日照时数的增加而增加,且积雪深度受降水量的影响大于日照时数的影响。     

材料状态对干砂小应变特性的影响

利用注能虚拟质量(EIVM)共振柱系统进行了干砂小应变特性试验,研究了有效平均正应力、土样密度、剪应变幅值以及荷载往复次数对剪切模量和阻尼比的影响。试验结果表明,剪切模量随有效平均正应力与土样密度的增加而增加,而阻尼比的变化规律则与之相反,并且有效平均正应力对干砂小应变特性的影响程度比土样密度的影响程度大得多;随着剪应变的增加,剪切模量越来越小,而阻尼比越来越大;荷载往复次数对剪切模量基本没有影响,而对阻尼比有较大影响。     

Eurasian Snow Cover Variability and Its Association with Summer Rainfall in China

This study investigates the statistical linkage between summer rainfall in China and the preceding spring Eurasian snow water equivalent (SWE), using the datasets of summer rainfall observations from 513 stations, satellite-observed snow water equivalent, and atmospheric circulation variables in the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis during the period from 1979 to 2004. The first two coupled modes are identified by using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. The leading SVD mode of the spring SWE variability shows a coherent negative anomaly in most of Eurasia with the opposite anomaly in some small areas of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia. The mode displays strong interannual variability, superposed on an interdecadal variation that occurred in the late 1980s, with persistent negative phases in 1979--1987 and frequent positive phases afterwards. When the leading mode is in its positive phase, it corresponds to less SWE in spring throughout most of Eurasia. Meanwhile, excessive SWE in some small areas of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia, summer rainfall in South and Southeast China tends to be increased, whereas it would be decreased in the up-reaches of the Yellow River. In recent two decades, the decreased spring SWE in Eurasia may be one of reasons for severe droughts in North and Northeast China and much more significant rainfall events in South and Southeast China. The second SVD mode of the spring SWE variability shows opposite spatial variations in western and eastern Eurasia, while most of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia are in phase. This mode significantly correlates with the succeeding summer rainfall in North and Northeast China, that is, less spring SWE in western Eurasia and excessive SWE in eastern Eurasia and the Tibetan Plateau tend to be associated with decreased summer rainfall in North and Northeast China.