基于Argo观测的太平洋温、盐度分布与变化(Ⅰ):温度

利用基于客观分析方法重构的Argo网格资料(未同化其他观测资料),分析探讨了2004年1月-2011年12月期间太平洋海域(60°S-60°N、120°E-80°W)温度气候态分布特征与变化规律。结果表明,在西太平洋赤道附近海域,29℃等温线的包络范围(暖池),夏季显著增大,位置也明显偏北,且其厚度仅限于约100 m上层;在亚热带海域次表层(约150 m),形成南北两个高温(南部大于27℃,北部大于24℃)中心,呈马鞍形分布,但并不以赤道为对称中心,而是偏向北半球8个纬度;在南、北纬40°附近海域,等温线十分密集,形成"极锋";在新西兰东南海域存在低温水舌由南向北的入侵现象,从表层至1 000 m深层始终可见,似是终年存在的一个水文特征。温度的年变化规律表层最明显,每年呈一高一低的分布趋势,亚热带海域尤为显著,北半球温度年较差大于9.5℃,南半球约为6.0℃,且北半球的最高、最低温度值分别出现在每年的8月份和2月份,南半球则相反。表层以下,温度的周期性变化远不如表层明显,至500 m中层,整个太平洋海域的温度最大变幅仅为1.0℃。赤道海域表层温度明显存在3年的周期性年际振荡,北亚热带表层也表现为3-6个月的周期性年际变化,中层年际振荡较缓,振幅也较小,而亚南极海域从表层直至500 m中层,均存在不规则年际振荡。     

一次降水相态转换过程中温度垂直结构特征分析

2012年11月3-5日华北地区出现了该年度的第一次大范围雨雪天气过程,各地区依次都出现了雨转雪的复杂天气,这给预报带来了较大的难度。一直以来,冬季降水相态类型的预报都是国内外气象预报的难题之一,而温度的垂直结构特征是影响最终降水类型的关键因素之一。利用常规地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及中尺度数值模式WRF对此次雨雪天气过程中的温度垂直结构演变特征以及相态转变对温度垂直结构的作用等几个方面进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)在发生雨转雪过程中,温度递减率会持续减小,并最终会在低层形成一个上下一致的均温层,同时还伴有浅薄逆温层的产生;(2)降水相态类型严重依赖于温度的垂直结构,温度垂直结构的细微改变将决定最终到达地面的降水类型,因此,相关层次的厚度差可以成为判别降水相态类型的重要指标;(3)在降水类型由雨转雪的过程中,由于相关层次的融化作用,伴随着相态的变化温度垂直结构会发生一定程度的改变。     

利用时空信息的单波段地表温度遥感反演

地表温度被认为是影响生态系统的关键因子之一,它与许多地表过程有关。目前,热红外卫星遥感技术是获取有关区域和全球尺度地表温度信息的一个有效、可行的手段。针对不同卫星上搭载的热红外传感器,许多学者开展了大量的研究,其中针对单波段热红外的特点(如Landsat TM/ETM+,CBERS和HJ-1B)提出了单通道(或单窗)算法。该类算法需要准确的地表比辐射率和大气参数(如大气水分含量)。这些参数在现实中又很难轻易获得,从而在一定程度上限制了现有算法的应用。针对HJ-1B高回访频率的特点,本文提出了利用多时相影像的时空信息来直接反演地表温度的Multi-Temporal and Spatial Information-Based Single Channel(MTSC),以解决现有算法对地表比辐射率和大气参数的过度依赖性。实例分析结果显示,基于MTSC法由HJ-1B反演得到的地表温度结果与MODIS地表(陆表和海表)温度产品具有很好的空间一致性;HJ-1B的陆表温度结果总体上被高估了约1 K,而海表温度结果总体上被高估了0.5 K;同时,MTSC法得到的HJ-1B地表温度结果具有更好的细节和空间完整性。最后,通过分析和讨论指出了一些可能的完善途径,如相似像元的确定、修改优化求解中的目标函数、参数的自适应初始化等,以便提高MTSC法的反演精度和实用性。     

The Interdecadal Changes of South Pacific Sea Surface Temperature in the Mid-1990s and Their Connections with ENSO简

The characteristic changes of South Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） for the period January 1979 to December 2011, during which the 1990s Pacific pan-decadal variability （PDV） interdecadal regime shifts occurred, were examined. Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） analysis was applied to the monthly mean SSTA for two sub-periods： January 1979 to December 1994 （P 1） and January 1996 to December 2011 （P2）. Both the spatial and temporal features of the leading EOF mode for P1 and P2 showed a remarkable difference. The spatial structure of the leading EOF changed from a tripolar pattern for P 1 （EOF-P 1） to a dipole-like pattern for P2 （EOF-P2）. Besides, EOF-P 1 （EOF-P2） had significant spectral peaks at 4.6 yr （2.7 yr）. EOF-P2 not only had a closer association with E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）, but also showed a faster response to ENSO than EOF-P1 based on their lead-lag relationships with ENSO. During the development of ENSO, the South Pacific SSTA associated with ENSO for both PI and P2 showed a significant eastward propagation. However, after the peak of ENSO, EOF-P1 showed a stronger persistence than EOF-P2, which still showed eastward propagation. The variability of the SSTA associated with the whole process of ENSO evolution during P1 and the SSTA associated with the development of ENSO during P2 support the existence of ocean-to-atmosphere forcing, but the SSTA associated with the decay of ENSO shows the phenomenon of atmosphere-to-ocean forcing.     

Effects of meridional sea surface temperature changes on stratospheric temperature and circulation

Using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model,we analyzed the atmospheric responses to increases in sea surface temperature （SST）.The results showed that increases in SST and the SST meridional gradient could intensify the subtropical westerly jets and significantly weaken the northern polar vortex.In the model runs,global uniform SST increases produced a more significant impact on the southern stratosphere than the northern stratosphere,while SST gradient increases produced a more significant impact on the northern stratosphere.The asymmetric responses of the northern and southern polar stratosphere to SST meridional gradient changes were found to be mainly due to different wave properties and transmissions in the northern and southern atmosphere.Although SST increases may give rise to stronger waves,the results showed that the effect of SST increases on the vertical propagation of tropospheric waves into the stratosphere will vary with height and latitude and be sensitive to SST meridional gradient changes.Both uniform and non-uniform SST increases accelerated the large-scale Brewer-Dobson circulation （BDC）,but the gradient increases of SST between 60°S and 60°N resulted in younger mean age-of-air in the stratosphere and a larger increase in tropical upwelling,with a much higher tropopause than from a global uniform 1.0 K SST increase.     

Impact of vegetation feedback on the mid-Pliocene warm climate

Studying the vegetation feedback during warm periods of the past can lead to better understanding of those in the future.In this study,we conducted several simulations to analyze vegetation feedback during the mid-Pliocene warm period.The results indicate that the main features of vegetation change in the mid-Pliocene were a northward shift of needleleaf tree,an expansion of broadleaf tree and shrub,and a northward expansion of grass,as compared to the pre-industrial period.The global annual mean warming ratio caused by vegetation feedback was 12.1％,and this warming ratio was much larger in northern middle and high latitudes.The warming caused by vegetation change was directly related to the surface albedo change and was further amplified by snow/sea ice-albedo feedback.     

The roles of different mechanisms related to the tide-induced fronts in the Yellow Sea in summer

In summer, the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） is a stable water mass of low temperature lying at the bottom of the central Yellow Sea （YS）. It is fringed by some typical tidal fronts, which separate deep, stratified water on the offshore side from the well-mixed, shallow water on the inshore side. Three striking fronts--Subei Bank Front （SBF）, Shandong Peninsula Front （SPF）, and Mokpo Front （MKF; a front off the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula）--have been iden- tified by various studies from both satellite observations and model results. Tide plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of these fronts. However, it is still a matter of debate as to the roles these two kinds of mechanisms of upwelling and tidal mixing play, and how importance they are in the maintenance processes of the above three fronts. Basing a nested high-resolution model HYCOM （the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model）, this study focuses on the different mechanisms of tidal effects on the thermal fronts in the YS in summertime. Through comparative experiments with and without tidal forcing, the results indicate that the MKF is mainly driven by tide-induced upwelling. For the SPF, tidal mixing is the dominant factor, when lower cold water is stirred upwards along the sloping topography of the western YS. Meanwhile, the combined effect of upwelling and tidal mixing is the main cause of the formation of the SBF. Diagnostic analysis of thermal balance shows that horizontal nonlinear advection induced by strong tidal currents also contributes to the thermal balance of frontal areas.     

SNREI地球形变理论模拟研究进展

获取固体地球在内外力驱动下的形变特征是认识地球内部结构和动力过程的关键,全球和区域形变的观测与研究是高精度时空基准建立和维持的重要内容之一。本文系统介绍了地球形变理论模拟研究的主要进展,重点介绍了大气、海洋、陆地水和热在地表的负荷效应,以及内部的地震位错产生的形变问题。内容涉及基本的地球(热)弹性变形的初边值理论,及其有效求解方法与计算过程中遇到的困难及解决方案。最后在弹性形变的基础上,结合现今观测精度不断提高和人类活动对环境影响的背景,展望了未来在地球形变理论上的发展需求与应用前景。     

双极化Sentinel-1数据极化时序InSAR技术地表形变监测——以上海市浦东机场为例EI北大核心CSCD

不同极化的合成孔径雷达SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)数据对地物具有不同响应,利用极化信息可提升InSAR的地表形变监测能力。针对利用免费Sentinel-1数据的双极化信息进行地表形变监测这一问题,本文提出了一种基于双极化Sentinel-1数据的自适应极化时序InSAR技术方法 PolPSI (Polarimetric Persistent Scatterer Interferometry)。该方法针对研究区永久散射体PS (Persistent Scatterer)与分布式散射体DS (Distributed Scatterer)的不同特点,基于不同优化准则分别进行自适应极化优化,得到极化优化干涉图并进行地表形变监测。为了证明方法的有效性,以上海市浦东国际机场为研究区,基于34景双极化(VV-VH) Sentinel-1影像进行了实验。结果表明,所提出方法在降低干涉图相位噪声、提升干涉质量的同时较好地保持了地物边缘细节,相较于常规的时序PS与DS技术,提出PolPSI技术获取的变形监测点密度分别提高了103.0%和30.8%,更加详细地反演了机场区域变形状况。综上所述,本文提出的基于双极化Sentinel-1数据PolPSI方法通过对极化信息的利用与挖掘,可一定程度上提高Sentinel-1数据在地表形变监测应用中的能力。     

辽宁抚顺西露天矿南帮地表裂缝

辽宁省抚顺市西露天矿历经百余年开采,形成东西长6．6km、南北宽2．2km、面积约11km2的矿坑。2009年,在矿坑南帮的上部开采境界线外围,发现地表裂缝;2013年3月份以来,南帮边坡出现了整体变形;2013年8月份以来,速率持续加大,滑坡险情加剧。封面照片为该滑坡后缘的地表破裂带（拍摄于2014年1月16日,