新疆白杨河流域达坂城地下水文参数及出流测评

新疆白杨河流域达坂城位于天山博格达峰山前冲击、洪积山间盆地干旱区,源于天山多支源流汇集于盆地南端峡口,形成下游并由有多支流沿程补给白杨河干流,穿越极端干旱戈壁荒漠托克逊县直至末端吐鲁番市境内尾闾—艾丁湖,是我国典型少有干旱极端干旱叠加型流域灌区。为探寻流域上游达坂城地下水文地质特征,基于潜水非完整井观测抽水试验,采用裘布衣模型和正交试验评估地下水含水层主要水文地质参数及单井出流能力。结果表明,高崖子和阿克苏河段潜水层地下水文地质平均含水层厚度H、渗透系数K和导水系数T分别为10～11 m、18～21 m/d和200～203 m/d,含水层厚度变幅与井水深动态相呼应,单井流量丰富且与渗透系数K和导水系数T相互影响较大,地下含水层渗透速率处于较高水平状态,与河流河床多戈壁砂砾地质吻合,为流域上游达坂城源流区地下水文地质及出流评估提供依据。     

西咸新区沣河流域水资源时空分布特点及开发利用状况探析

为研究西咸新区沣河流域水资源问题,基于2017年基础统计数据,综合水资源调查评价相关成果,对区域水资源时空分布特点、开发利用潜力及存在问题进行分析,结果表明：区域水资源时空分布不均,年际变化大,年内分配不均,河道枯水流量较小,沣河含沙量较小。区域地表水开发利用条件不好,水资源总量不足,地下水资源条件相对较好,但开发利用程度较高,地下水开发利用潜力已经不大;水资源开发利用存在的主要问题是水资源总量不足、供水结构不合理,非常规水资源利用率低、水资源保护任务艰巨、地下水超采和城镇化带来的水资源供需矛盾突出。精准掌握区域水资源分布规律及开发利用状况对加强沣河水系水资源合理配置,制定西咸新区沣河流域水量调度方案能提供重要的科学理论依据。     

基于加权破产博弈模型的跨境流域水资源分配研究

基于公平合理利用视角,将多准则决策模型与破产理论相结合探讨跨境水资源分配问题.通过梳理国际水法,设计了跨境流域水资源公平合理分配的指标体系,采用投影法解决这一多准则决策问题,并依此加权调整流域国用水需求.在加权调整用水需求和考虑议价能力的基础上,基于破产博弈模型探讨跨境流域水资源分配问题,以提高分配方案的公平合理性和可...     

Livelihood strategy change and land use change —Case of Danzam Village in upper Dadu River watershed, Tibetan Plateau of China

Land use change in rural China since the 1980s, induced by institution reforms, urbanization, industrialization and population increase, has received more attention. However, case studies on how institution reforms affect farmers’ livelihood strategies and drive land use change are scarce. By means of cropland plots investigations and interviews with farmers, this study examines livelihood strategy change and land use change in Danzam Village of Jinchuan County in the upper Dadu River watershed, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. The results show that, during the collective system period, as surplus labor forces could not be transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, they had to choose agricultural involution as their livelihood strategy, then the farmers had to produce more grains by land reclamation, increasing multiple cropping index, improving input of labor, fertilizer, pesticide and adopting advanced agricultural techniques. During the household responsibility system period, as labors being transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, farmers chose livelihood diversification strategy. Therefore, labor input to grain planting was greatly reduced, which drove the transformation of grain to horticulture, vegetable or wasteland and decrease of multiple cropping index. This study provides a new insight into understanding linkages among institution reforms, livelihood strategy of smallholders and land use change in rural China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40601006, 40471009), National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422006)     

Micromorphology and quality attributes of the loess derived soils affected by land use change: A case study in Ghapan watershed, Northern Iran

In order to study the effects of different land vegetative covers on soil quality attributes, a loess hill slope was selected in eastern Golestan Province, Ghapan watershed, Iran. Four profiles in four land uses, including Quercus natural forest; Pinus artificial forest; Cupressus artificial forest and a cultivated land, were studied. Results showed that MWD was significantly different in the studied land uses, and it varied between 1.6 mm in Quercus natural forest and o.31 mm in cultivated land use. The lowest CEC, microbial respiration rate and organic carbon were 28.4 cmol·kg^1, 177 μgCO2·g^-1·day^-1 and 1.32 % found in cultivated land use, respectively. The organic matter was considerably higher content in the forest areas than that of cultivated land use. The studies on soil profile development revealed that the natural forest soils were highly developed. The soils of the Quercus natural forest were classified as Calcic Haploxeralfs with a well developed argillie horizon unlike the cultivated soils which showed the minimum development and classified as Typic Xerorthents. The soils of the artificial forests had both mollic epipedons and were classified as Typic Calcixerolls with moderate profile development. Micromorphological studies revealed that argillic horizons had speckled and partly crystallitic b-fabric in the natural forest indicating the high landscape stability. In contrast, the crystallitic b-fabric of other land uses shows the absence of enough leaching of carbonate and the subsequent migration of clay particles indicating the unstable conditions and high soil erosion. Intense erosion of the surface horizons of cultivated land use has resulted in the outcropping of the subsurface carbonate rich horizons preventing soil development.     

数字流域中的WebGIS设计与实现

研究了基于WebGIS体系的数字流域系统的建设,提出了以渭河流域为试点的数字流域建设的设计及实现方案,实现了该流域信息的可视化及地图交互操作。     

明代洛河流域洪涝灾害序列分形结构研究

通过对历史文献资料的整理和统计分析,对明代1368—1644年的277年间洛河流域的洪涝灾害进行了研究。研究得出,洛河流域在这一时段内共发生了56次洪涝灾害,平均约4.95年出现1次;其中特大涝灾3次,大涝灾12次,中度涝灾16次,轻度涝灾25次。洛河流域明代洪涝灾害可分为4个大的阶段,其中1368—1429年和1490—1539年两个阶段是洪涝灾害少发阶段,1430—1489年和1540—1644年两个阶段是洪涝灾害多发阶段。洪涝灾害的自相似特征揭示了灾害的分形性质。研究发现,明代洛河流域的各级洪涝灾害的分堆值都低于0.2,且无标度区相同,这表明了此时段洪涝灾害的长周期分量较强,且存在灾害的集中性。     

Spatial Variability of Mass Movements in the Satluj Valley,Himachal Pradesh during 1990～2006

Satluj Valley is known to have a history of landslides and related mass movement activities since the geological times. Geological and geomorphological settings combined with anthropogenic activities constitute a propensity towards slope failure. During the last two decades,the area witnessed substantial increase in athropogenic pressure,mainly due to the exploitation of hydropower potential,changing landuse pattern and population growth. In addition,a shift of the climatic patterns in the form of larger area falling under the influence of rains was observed. These natural as well as anthropogenic changes in the area have resulted in increased spatial coverage of landslide in the area. This paper documents these changes during 1990～2006.     

东江流域雨水集中期气候特征及2006年降水成因分析

利用湘东南东江流域1959～2006年共48年的历史资料,采用统计分析方法,对东江流域历年雨水集中期的气候规律以及2006年雨水集中期的特征及成因进行了分析。分析结果表明:东江流域历年的雨水集中期多出现在6月和8月;东江流域雨水集中期的出现,受台风的影响较大。2006年由于04号台风"碧利斯"的影响导致了本年的雨水集中期出现在7月中旬,其特征是降水强度强、强降水范围广、过程降雨量大,而大尺度引导气流、南海季风对"碧利斯"的西行路径及降水强度影响较大。