化学腐蚀下砂岩三轴细观损伤机理及损伤变量分析

利用CT识别技术对化学腐蚀下的砂岩进行了三轴加载全过程的即时扫描试验，得到了在不同级荷载作用下砂岩的压密、微裂纹萌生、扩展和破裂的CT图像和CT数，分析了砂岩损伤演化的细观机理。同时，建立了一个基于化学腐蚀影响和CT数的损伤变量模型。     

川西亚高山三个森林群落的湿林冠蒸发速率

于3个假说和林冠上方2m处的气象变量，采用Penman-Monteith组合模型估算了一个生长季节内川西亚高山林区分别以云杉(SF)、冷杉(FF)和白桦(BF)为优势树种的3个林分的湿林冠蒸发速率(Er)。研究结果表明，SF、FF和BF的湿林冠蒸发量(E)分别为44．51mm、88．51mm和57．8mm，分别占总降雨量的9．2％、16．6％和10．2％。与SF和BF相比，FF具有最高的月平均Er和蒸发比例。SF、FF和BF的平均Er分别为0．097mm／h(变化范围：0．028-0．487mm／h)、0．242mm／h(变化范围：0．068～0．711mm／h)和0．149mm／h(0．060～0．576mm／h)。最高和最低的月平均Er分别在6月(SF、FF和BF分别为0．120mm／h、0．317mm／h和0．169mm／h)和10月(SF、FF和BF分别为0．083mm／h、0．187mm／h和0．101mm／h)。8：00至16：00期间的平均点Er显著高于0：00至8：00以及16：00至0：00期间的平均Er。Er显著的日变化和月变化主要归因于林冠上方的太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度的变化。     

信息时代地图技术美的研究与实践

通过分析现代地图表现形式及存在的问题，探讨了信息时代地图制图技术美的含义和地图技术美的表现形式。并在技术美创新理念指导下，对利用计算机技术和图形图像处理技术来改进地图符号设计，提高地图表现力进行了一些理论探讨和技术尝试．同时也得到了一些有益的启示。     

基于分层的面状地图符号设计

根据面状符号的结构特征和实现机制 ,提出了基于分层的面状地图符号设计方法 ,把面状符号分为若干层 ,每层采用一种填充方式 ,并在基于VC 的Cartosymbol软件中实现。结果表明 ,该方法既便于地理现象的表达 ,又便于计算机实现。     

时间动态地图模型

就时间动态地图模型进行了研究，认为动态地图由于表达空间维数的增加，使得地图作为客观现实世界的概念模型更加完善，并且作为物质模型，动态地图的可视化应与空间认知的计算机表达紧密融合。在制作时间动态地图时，不同的视觉变量具有不同的动态表现能力，根据时态现象的特征进行选取。     

Possible Impacts of the Arctic Oscillation on the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Monsoon Rainfall in East Asia

The influences of the wintertime AO (Arctic Oscillation) on the interdecadal variation of summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia were examined. An interdecadal abrupt change was found by the end of the 1970s in the variation of the AO index and the leading principal component time series of the summer rainfall in East Asia, The rainfall anomaly changed from below normal to above normal in central China, the southern part of northeastern China and the Korean peninsula around 1978. However,the opposite interdecadal variation was found in the rainfall anomaly in North China and South China.The interdecadal variation of summer rainfall is associated with the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation. It is indicated that the interdecadal variation of the AO exerts an influence on the weakening of the monsoon circulation. The recent trend in the AO toward its high-index polarity during the past two decades plays important roles in the land-sea contrast anomalies and wintertime precipitation anomaly. The mid- and high-latitude regions of the Asian continent are warming, while the low-latitude regions are cooling in winter and spring along with the AO entering its high-index polarity after the late 1970s. In the meantime, the precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and South China is excessive, implying an increase of soil moisture. The cooling tendency of the land in the southern part of Asia will persist until summer because of the memory of soil moisture. So the warming of the Asian continent is relatively slow in summer. Moreover, the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean which are located southward and eastward of the Asian land, are warming from winter to summer. This suggests that the contrast between the land and sea is decreased in summer. The interdecadal decrease of the land-sea heat contrast finally leads to the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation.     

部分变量误差模型的整体抗差最小二乘估计

部分变量误差模型(partial EIV model)的加权整体最小二乘(weighted total least-squares,WTLS)估计不具备抵御粗差的能力。鉴于粗差可能同时出现在观测值和系数矩阵中,本文在提出部分变量误差模型WTLS估计的两步迭代解法的基础上,运用抗差M估计的等价权方法,发展了一种整体抗差最小二乘(TRLS)估计方法,并采用一致最大功效统计量确定降权因子。针对WTLS估计两步迭代解法的特点,设计了两个不同的降权方案:第1个方案是在估计系数矩阵元素时,不对观测值降权,仅对系数矩阵降权;第2个方案是在估计系数矩阵元素时,既对系数矩阵降权,同时也对观测值降权。通过对模拟2D仿射变换和线性拟合实例进行计算和分析,结果表明第1方案优于第2方案,并且优于基于残差和验后单位权方差的抗差估计和现有的变量误差模型抗差估计。     

单轴压缩荷载下非贯通闭合节理岩体损伤本构模型

目前损伤力学已被认为是研究节理岩体力学行为的有效工具,但是在目前的节理岩体损伤变量定义中大多仅考虑节理几何特征而未考虑节理内摩擦角等力学参数,这显然不能很好地反映节理岩体的力学特征。为此,拟推导出一个能够综合考虑节理几何及力学参数的损伤变量（张量）,并由此建立单轴压缩荷载下岩体损伤本构模型。首先,基于断裂力学的由于单个节理存在引起的附加应变能增量与损伤力学的损伤应变能释放量相关联的观点,推导出了含非贯通节理岩体的损伤变量计算公式;其次,根据断裂力学理论对单轴压缩荷载下的单个节理尖端应力强度因子计算方法进行了研究,得出了应力强度因子K_Ⅰ、K_Ⅱ的计算公式;同时考虑多节理间的相互作用给出了单组单排及多排非贯通节理应力强度因子计算公式。最后,利用该模型对含单条非贯通节理的岩体在单轴压缩荷载作用下的峰值强度及损伤变量进行了分析计算。结果表明,当节理倾角小于其内摩擦角时,岩体强度与完整岩石相同,岩体损伤为零,而后随着节理倾角增加,岩体强度、损伤随节理倾角的变化分别呈开口向上及向下的抛物线,当节理倾角约为60°时,岩体损伤最大,强度最低。随着节理长度增加,岩体损伤增加,而随着节理内摩擦角的增加,岩体损伤则减小。      

中国沿海多鳞四指马鲅(Eleutheronema rhadinum)与四指马鲅(E. tridactylum)形态与遗传位点差异分析

多鳞四指马鲅(Eleutheronema rhadinum)与四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tridactylum)是四指马鲅属(Eleutheronema)中的名贵经济鱼类,具有良好的养殖开发前景。本文对中国沿海多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅群体的26个形态特征值进行了多变量比较分析,提取了7个主成分,累计贡献率达到91.112%,前三个主成分贡献率分别为28.759%、21.467%、15.469%。多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅形态差异主要体现在头背部、尾柄部、背腹轴及头尾轴的特征。利用4个形态学参数建立了2群体判别公式,综合判别准确率高达100%,可作为多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅物种资源的初步判定方法。另外,利用简化基因组测序开发出多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅SNP标记69207个、In Del标记12884个,丰富了四指马鲅属鱼类遗传结构研究数据。本研究为进一步开展四指马鲅数属物种资源评估与保护、选育、功能基因研究提供基础资料。     

西北太平洋气候和海洋环境变化对柔鱼空间分布的影响

Ommastrephes bartramii is an ecologically dependent species and has great commercial values among the AsiaPacific countries. This squid widely inhabits the North Pacific, one of the most dynamic marine environments in the world, subjecting to multi-scale climatic events such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO). Commercial fishery data from the Chinese squid-jigging fleets during 1995–2011 are used to evaluate the influences of climatic and oceanic environmental variations on the spatial distribution of O. bartramii. Significant interannual and seasonal variability are observed in the longitudinal and latitudinal gravity centers(LONG and LATG) of fishing ground of O. bartramii. The LATG mainly occurred in the waters with the suitable ranges of environmental variables estimated by the generalized additive model. The apparent north-south spatial shift in the annual LATG appeares to be associated with the PDO phenomenon and is closely related to the sea surface temperature(SST)and sea surface height(SSH) on the fishing ground, whereas the mixed layer depth(MLD) might contribute limited impacts to the distribution pattern of O. bartramii. The warm PDO regimes tend to yield cold SST and low SSH, resulting in a southward shift of LATG, while the cold PDO phases provid warm SST and elevated SSH,resulting in a northward shift of LATG. A regression model is developed to help understand and predict the fishing ground distributions of O. bartramii and improve the fishery management.