配重浮球覆盖下干旱区平原水库节水率研究

干旱区平原水库具有水面积大、蒸发强烈等特点,采用直径100 mm的配重浮球来抑制平原水库的无效蒸发。以月为时间尺度,分别从浮球间孔隙造成的蒸发损失率和风浪环境中配重浮球湿润表面造成的蒸发损失率进行研究,最终建立浮球覆盖下水面蒸发抑制率和节水率计算模型。结果表明：（1） 非冰冻期内,浮球间孔隙造成的蒸发损失率呈现先增大后减小,在7月达到全年最高值11.6%;冰冻期内（12月和1月）,浮球间孔隙造成的蒸发损失率达到全年最低值9%。（2） 相同覆盖面积下,浮球润湿率随风速的增大呈曲线增长,且覆盖面积越大,润湿率随风速的变化速率越慢。相同风速下,浮球润湿率随覆盖面积的增大呈直线下降。各覆盖面积下,单位面积节水率在7月达到最大值,分别为76.6%、78.1%、79.6%、81.2%;在4月达到最低值,分别为51.9%、54.0%、58.2%、61.3%。综上所述,配重浮球在风浪环境中稳定性好、防蒸发节水率高,是一种较为理想的防蒸发材料。     

Water resource management in the intermountain Izeh Plain, Southwest of Iran

Ever growing demand for water for agricultural activities in the Izeh Plain has enhanced the use of groundwater. Due to enormous groundwater abstraction since 1985, the overall static water level has receded by more than 5 meters reflecting that the aquifer is under stress condition. As a result, interest is focused on application of artificial recharge as an option for groundwater management to augment water supply in this area. Therefore, in the present investigations, suitable sites for artificial recharge were selected by an integrated surface and sub-surface assessment of the area. On the basis of the data collected from four target points, it was realized that the selected sites for artificial recharge could not meet water demand of the area. In this study attention was also paid to utilization of the existing Miangran Lake water as an alternative to combat water shortage for irrigation. The study further indicated that the available Miangran Lake water could be used for irrigation of the reclaimed agricultural land and enabling to convert 20o0 hectares of rain-fed land into irrigation. The total cost to utilize lake water is US$ 2,756,729 and it was estimated that the project could recoup the investment within 5 years which is quite reasonable in this water scarcity prone area.     

利用数字摄影测量方法估算半干旱区小流域沟谷侵蚀产沙

土壤侵蚀不仅表现黄土高原强烈的现代地貌过程,也是其生态环境恶化的象征,其地貌演化和土壤侵蚀互为因果,现代研究表明黄土高原半干旱小流域的沟谷侵蚀产沙占其水土流失总量的重要部分,近年有关沟谷侵蚀的定量研究成果,加深了人们对沟道侵蚀危害的认识,为土地资源的合理利用、沟谷危害的评价等提供了科学依据。传统的沟谷侵蚀定量研究是采用实地量测的方法,现代的数字摄影测量技术的发展为估算沟谷侵蚀研究提供了一个经济高效方法。本研究采用的髙分辨率数字高程模型是由3期历史航空照片根据数字摄影测量方法制作而成,利用它对黄土高原半干旱区一个小流域的1959～1981年及1981～1999年两个时段内沟谷侵蚀产沙量进行估算,将流域侵蚀产沙的实测值与估算结果进行评价。并指出此方法在沟谷侵蚀产沙量估算方面的统计学意义及在未来应用时要注意的问题;根据流域侵蚀产沙结果分析历史时期人类活动的影响:人类活动在一定程度上改善了环境,绝大部分泥沙被拦截在流域里,同时沟道侵蚀加剧,如何采取措施减少流域坡面和沟道的侵蚀,是目前人们所面对的问题;此外,结合流域水沙统计数据的DEM的侵蚀空间分析,结果表明坡面流、重力侵蚀及沟谷的下切是导致流域土壤侵蚀的主要原因。     

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process in the Marine Strata in Jianghan Plain Area,Middle China

Marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area are widely distributed with a total depth of more than 8,000 m from the Upper Sinian to the Middle Triassic. Six reservoir caprock units, named Z–∈2, ∈2–O, S, D–C, P and T1, can be identified with each epoch. The geology, stratigraphy, drilling, oil testing and other basic data as well as the measured inclusion and strontium isotope data in the study area are used in the analysis of the formation and evolution process of marine petroliferous reservoirs in the Jianghan Plain area. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the further exploration of hydrocarbons in the Jianghan Plain and reduce the risks by analyzing the key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in the marine strata. Our findings show that in the Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the early period of the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir was destroyed in the middle–late period of the Early Yanshanian. In the Lower Triassic–Carboniferous hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir suffered destruction from the Late Yanshanian to the Early Himalayanian. The preservation conditions of the marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area have been improved since the Late Himalayanian. However, because all source beds have missed the oil/gas generation fastigium and lost the capacity to generate secondary hydrocarbon, no reaccumulation of hydrocarbons can be detected in the study area's marine strata. No industrially exploitable oil/gas reservoir has been discovered in the marine strata of Jianghan Plain area since exploration began in 1958. This study confirms that petroliferous reservoirs in the marine strata have been completely destroyed, and that poor preservation conditions are the primary factor leading to unsuccessful hydrocarbon exploration. It is safely concluded that hydrocarbon exploration in the marine strata of the study area is quite risky.     

内陆干旱区平原水库周边生态环境研究综述

我国干旱地区降水稀少,蒸发强烈,地表径流受季节变化影响较大,利用天然来水,修建平原水库,调洪蓄水、农业灌溉、改善区域生态环境和提高人民群众生活水平。由于水库的渗漏等引起的生态环境问题对水库的健康发展和周边及下游灌区的土壤盐渍化的影响很大,应采取必要的措施,减少水库的渗漏、改善库区周边及下游的生态环境问题。     

干旱区内陆平原地下水持续下降引起的环境问题——以河西走廊黑河流域中游地区为例

本文以甘肃省河西走廊黑河流域中游地区为例，依据该地区多年地下水动态观测资料，在定量分析区域性地下水位持续下降的基础上，全面阐述了因地下水位下降而产生的一系列环境问题。     

半干旱林区产水量随机降雨——径流模拟

本文介绍美国亚利桑那州中北部林区的一个特定流域应用随机降雨径流模型模拟计算产水量的方法。计算步骤是以选定的理论概率分布函数和随机数发生器描述和模拟各种降雨特性，如雨深、历时和暴雨间隔时间等。为使模拟过程更加真实，曾分别考虑了时、空两方面的变化。降雨的空间特性以其地形和面分布形式来描述，而时程分布则以流域日降雨表示。     

安徽淮北平原浅层地下水硝酸盐分布特征及污染来源分析

地下水中硝酸盐污染是当今世界许多国家或地区普遍关注的问题,研究其分布特征意义重大。文章在水文地质调查基础上,通过取样分析,研究了安徽省淮北平原浅层地下水硝酸盐分布状况和污染来源,结果表明:硝酸盐含量在东北地区较高,在一定范围超过饮用水限制标准(88mg/L),最高达432.56mg/L,研究区南部较低;NO3-与Cl-的同步增长关系表明其主要来源为生活污物和人畜排泄物,且该地区的农田肥料和污水灌溉很可能是另一主要来源;根据R型因子分析发现研究区内浅层地下水水质主要受到三方面的影响,即自然作用、自然与人为的混合作用和人为作用,且贡献率分别为39%、28%、15%。而人为作用中硝酸盐的相关度最高,因此建议加强研究区内人类活动中硝酸盐氮污染控制。     

中国科协青年科学家论坛的开启

在符淙斌院士的倡导下，由中国科学技术协会主办，中国科学院和国家自然科学基金委协办，中国科学院东亚区域气候一环境重点实验室和季风亚洲区域集成研究计划（MAIRS）承办的中国科协青年科学家论坛“人类活动影响下的中国干旱／半干旱地区地气相互作用”研讨会于2007年6月27～29日在北京中国科学院大气物理研究所召开。     

不同时间尺度下汾渭平原臭氧浓度变化及气象环境影响

汾渭平原作为中国大气环境治理的第三大重点区域,由挥发性有机物和氮氧化物等前体物排放增加导致光化学反应加剧进而引发的近地面臭氧(O_3)污染已成为迫切需要面对的关键问题。本文基于汾渭平原11个重点城市2015-2019年近地面大气O_3及前体物观测数据结合同期气象监测资料,总结归纳其时空变化特征,利用Global Moran's I和Getis-Ord Gi*指数方法分析空间集聚效应和冷热点区域,运用KZ(Kolmogorov-Zurbenko)滤波方法揭示了不同时间尺度的排放和气象环境对O_3浓度变化的影响。结果表明:近5年汾渭平原O_3污染以轻度为主,超标率逐年增加且夏季最高春季次之,其中6月超标37%以上,前体物中NO_2年际差异不大CO浓度逐年减少。空间分布上,O_3空间集聚特征逐年增强,高浓度聚集区分布在临汾、运城、三门峡和洛阳的三角区域。从气象环境的影响看,O_3浓度主要受到前体物排放及气象条件的季节分量和短期分量影响,贡献率分别达到40%和24%。原始序列及各分量除与气压成负相关外,与气温和日照均呈显著正相关且对不同区域影响较为一致,而相对湿度和风速对各分量的影响具有显著的区域性差异。