The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas

Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.     

中国亚热带地区柑桔气候风险变化(英文)

Based on the citrus temperature, precipitation, sunlight and climate risk degree, the article divides subtropics of China into three types: the low risk region, the moderate risk region and the high risk region. The citrus temperature risk increases with increasing latitude (except for the western mountainous area of subtropics of China). The citrus precipitation risk in the central part of subtropics of China is higher than that in the northern and western parts. The distributions of citrus sunlight risk are not consistent to those of the citrus precipitation risk. The citrus climate risk is mainly influenced by temperature. There is latitudinal zonal law for the distribution of the climate risk, that is, the climate risk increases with increasing latitude. At the same time the climate risk in mountainous area is high and that in eastern plain area is low. There are differences in the temporal and spatial changes of the citrus climate. In recent 46 years, the citrus climate risk presents a gradual increasing trend in subtropics of China, especially it has been increasing fast since the 1980s. Because of the global warming, the low risk region in the eastern and southern parts has a gradual decreasing trend, however, the high risk region in the northern and western parts has an increasing trend and the high risk region has been extending eastward and southward. The article analyses the distribution of the citrus climate risk degree of reduction rates of >10%, >20% and >30% in subtropics of China, and studies their changes in different time periods. Results show that the risk is increasing from southeast to northwest.     

近50年中国西北东部半湿润、半干旱过渡带气候变化及生态影响

以宝鸡、凤翔、千阳、陇县、西峰、环县、平凉、泾源、六盘山、固原市、西吉和海原等台站的气象数据为依据,对近50年来地处西北地区东部的半湿润、半干旱过渡带的气候要素进行了系统分析,发现区内各地气温有普遍升高的趋势。其中,冬季升温趋势更加明显。各地在20世纪90年代前后发生气温突变,以此为界,前后增加速度明显不同,此后的增温趋势明显加快。近50年以来,各地降水略有下降,主要是由夏季降水减少所引起,但是统计趋势不明显。受气温和降水变化综合影响,区域气候向变干和变暖的方向发展。根据Holdridge生命地带理论,初步分析了区域植被与气候之间的关系。计算表明,最近30年以来,西北东部半湿润、半干旱区过渡带的气候变化使区域植被也向干暖化类型变化。位于研究区中部的六盘山、泾源和西吉等地生命地带类型的变化都比较大。崆峒山(35°33′N,106°31′E)的圆柏(Sabina chinensis)树轮气候学分析表明,区域树木生长与前一年秋季降水呈显著正相关关系,与当年春季和夏季气温呈显著负相关趋势,说明生长季的缺水或高干燥度是树木生长的限制性因素。研究时段区域干旱频繁发生,使树木出现大量伪轮,为研究带来一定难度,但是也进一步验证了区域气候变化的干旱特征。干燥指数重建结果表明,研究区在20世纪20年代比较干旱,30年代是相对较为湿润的时期; 1940年和1960年左右较为干旱,但其间的干燥指数较低。60年代之后,区域干燥指数逐渐增加,表明干旱趋势日趋加重,与气象数据分析结果相一致。事实证明,研究区气候的干暖化变化对区域树木生长和生态系统具有非常不利的影响。     

海盐县土地利用状况分析与对策

海盐位于浙江省东北部富庶的杭嘉湖平原,东濒杭州湾,处于长三角经济的中心地带,其中农用地面积为36246．25公顷。占土地总面积的67．8％;建设用地10182公顷,占土地总面积的19％;未利用土地7044．59公顷,占土地总面积的13-2％;全县共划定50个基本农田保护区,689个保护片,3279个保护地块,保护面积22056公顷,     

1994-2006年长江三角洲和东北平原酸性气体浓度变化

利用长江三角洲和东北平原地区大气本底站的二氧化硫（SO2）和氮氧化物（NOx）历史资料和近期取得的观测数据,探讨两个地区人为排放对这些气候相关酸性气体的不同贡献。从两种酸性气体过去和现在的浓度水平,估算了它们在两个地区的增长率,比较了NOx与SO2比值的不同变化趋势。结果表明,早在20世纪90年代中期,长江三角洲酸性气体污染水平已经较高,其后主要是NOx浓度显著升高,从而使该地区成为硫和氮污染并重的地区;东北平原酸性气体过去浓度很低,但这些气体以很高的速率增长,虽然目前浓度水平仍然比较低,但未来形势不容乐观。     

海岸带及滨海平原农业地质灾害

海岸带及滨海平原是我国重要的农业生产基地。但这里农业地质灾害频频发生,主要有海水入侵,土地盐渍化,海岸侵蚀,海面上升,土地风沙化等。本文分析了引发这些灾害的自然因素和人为因素,并提出了治理办法。     

九龙江河口平原晚第四纪硅藻及海平面变化初探

将福建九龙江河口平原ＺＫ５孔剖面细分为４个硅藻段、２４个硅藻带,并结合其他钻孔的微体生物组合特权和年代测定结果等进行分析。研究表明,晚玉木冰期本区海面升降频繁,但大多处于河口港湾环境,这主要是构造沉降所造成的;其间出现３次低海面,均为河流沉积环境。全新世冰后期海水大规模入侵,鼎盛期本区相对海面高出现代海面达５－１０ｍ。     

渤海西岸全新世早期基底泥炭堆积时间域初步研究

随着末次冰消期以来气候转暖,海平面上升,地下水水位亦随之上升,自裸露的内陆架向滨海平原依次形成湿地,生长挺水、湿生植物(主要是芦苇、香蒲),后又被人侵的海水淹没,遂成为海侵层序的基底泥炭。泥炭明显呈黑色(照片1),易于辨别。在渤海西岸随67个钻孔钻探,笔者已在7个钻孔泥炭层中见丽蚌tomprotulasp．壳体(照片2),巨极少见海相微体生物,表明泥炭为滨海平原淡水湿地沼泽沉积,极少受到海水影响。泥炭最厚20cm左右,除在海侵边缘区见其中含大量植物根系外,大多泥炭因多泥质而较坚硬,仅在筛洗后见植物根系碎片。由于各孔泥炭层被掩埋速度及泥质含量不同,故也有部分或全部较疏松、含水较高者,这样的泥炭层     

半干旱—干旱地区以钙积层为采样介质的隐伏金矿地球化学勘查

在隐伏金矿的地球化学勘查中,常用的采样介质包括岩石、水系沉积物、土壤、植物和地气等.近几十年,澳大利亚在半干旱—干旱地区以钙积层作为隐伏金矿床地球化学勘查的采样介质,并取得了成功.本文对以钙积层作为隐伏金矿地球化学勘查采样介质的理论和勘查进展进行总结,其勘查理论基础是土壤剖面中金-钙高度相关性,其成因机理较合理地解释为...     

黄河三角洲平原型水库大型底栖动物对磷的积累效应

2003年春、夏、秋季对黄河三角洲7座平原型水库进行了4次调查,发现:1)由摇蚊科幼虫和水蚯蚓构成的大型底栖动物,体内磷含量随底泥沉积磷的增加而增加(P<0．000),底柄动物对沉积磷的积累系数亦随沉积磷含量的增加而增加(p<0．000);2)4、5月份摇蚊幼虫在底栖动物体所占不同比例(20％-100％),没有显示与底柄动物体内磷含量任何关系;3)底栖动物含磷量与水层总磷无显著相关关系;4)底柄动物生物量与沉积总磷仅4月份有相关(p<0．10),其中摇蚊幼虫生物量与沉积磷量相关显著(P<0．05),总体上,水库底柄动物最高生物量随沉积磷增加而增加;5)底栖动物生物量与水层总磷无相关关系,但去掉底层鱼产量高的水库后,8月份二者有显著相关关系(p<0．03),且总体底栖动物最高生物量也随水层总磷增加而增加．认为:1)由摇蚊科幼虫和水蚯蚓构成的大型底柄动物对磷的积累以及摇蚊幼虫的生物量均与水体磷负荷有密切关系;2)摇蚊幼虫和水蚯蚓含磷量(干重)差异不明显;3)以摇蚊幼虫为主的底栖动物对磷的积累主要来自沉积磷的影响,受季节的影响相对较弱;4)底栖动物生物量主要受水层总磷的控制,也受鱼类摄食以及摇蚊幼虫个体羽化时间不一致的影响．