中国古代的环境地质观念

在中国北方发现的石器时代文化遗址,多位于河谷两侧的阶地上。这种地方取水近而又不卑湿,较适于人类居住,因此这些遗址的分布,明显地受到地质条件的控制。当文明社会兴起后,中国人就开始把这些经验整理起来,记入典籍。成书于两千多年前的《管子》一书中,就有了这样的概括:"凡立国都,非于大山之下,必于广川之上。高勿近旱,而水用足;下勿近水,而沟防省"。     

“北方威尼斯”之斯德哥尔摩

瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩(Stockholm)是北欧第二大城市,位于梅拉伦湖与波罗地海的交汇处,由14个岛屿组成,素有"北方威尼斯"之称。斯德哥摩始建于13世纪中期,     

四子王旗剪影

四于王旗地处内蒙古自治区中部。总面积25516平方公里,总人口20.9万,地广人稀。境内居住着蒙、汉、回、满等11个民族。四子王旗是一个以畜牧业为主,农牧结合的边境少数民族聚居旗,举世瞩目的"神舟"载人飞船在四子王旗着陆,     

蒙古语地名演绎着游牧民族的生活百态

阴山脚下的呼和浩特地区,自古以来就是我国北方游牧民族繁衍生息的地方。干百年来,在这里形成了很多民族杂居的自然村落,其中蒙古语和汉语地名较多。据1981年2月至1982年5月地名普查资料显示,呼和浩特地区共有自然村1138个,其中汉语村名735个,少数民族语村名403个。在以少数民族语命名的自然村落中,除以蒙古语命名的村名外,还有一些以藏语、满语等命名的地名。无论是以汉语,还是以蒙古语、藏语或几种语言混杂命名的地名,都有其明显的时代特征和浓厚的地域、宗教、民族特色。     

浓厚的地域特点成其名 多彩的时代特征育其名 纯朴的民族特色孕其名 蒙古语地名演绎着游牧民族的生活百态

阴山脚下的呼和浩特地区,自古以来就是我国北方游牧民族繁衍生息的地方。千百年来,在这里形成了很多民族杂居的自然村落,其中蒙古语和汉语地名较多。据1981年2月至1982年5月地名普查资料显示,呼和浩特地区共有自然村1138个,其中汉语村名735个,少数民族语村名403个。在以少     

2008年7—9月中国北方不同下垫面晴空陆面过程特征差异

采用2008年7—9月观测的中国干旱/半干旱区实验观测协同与集成研究资料,选取了9个下垫面(包括裸地、草地、森林和农田),分析了中国北方不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的晴空陆面辐射平衡和热量平衡日变化特征差异。结果表明,不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的地表辐射和能量过程特征差异明显,而这种差异主要源于下垫面的光学特性、水热特性以及局地陆-气系统中可利用水分的不同。在辐射平衡的比较方面,荒漠沙地发射的长波辐射最大,高寒森林的长波辐射最低,农田下垫面发射的长波辐射总体低于草地;荒漠沙地、草地、农田和高寒森林的反射率依次减弱;荒漠沙地、草地、农田、森林下垫面的净辐射依次增大。在能量平衡方面,荒漠区沙地可利用能量大部分(约80%)用于加热大气,约20%消耗于蒸发和加热土壤;草地下垫面可利用能量中用于加热大气的能量比蒸发水分消耗的能量高,但高寒草甸例外;农田下垫面可利用能量的大部分消耗于蒸发,消耗于加热大气的能量不到20%。水含量越高,潜热通量越大,能量闭合率越低,能量过程也更复杂。     

A Diagnostic and Numerical Study on a Rainstorm in South China Induced by a Northward-Propagating Tropical System

A strong cyclonic wind perturbation generated in the northern South China Sea （SCS） moved northward quickly and developed into a mesoscale vortex in southwest Guangdong Province, and then merged with a southward-moving shear line from mid latitudes in the period of 21-22 May 2006, during which three strong mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） formed and brought about torrential rain or even cloudburst in South China. With the 1° ×1° NCEP （National Centers for Environment Prediction） reanalysis data and the Weather and Research Forecast （WRF） mesoscale model, a numerical simulation, a potential vorticity inversion analysis, and some sensitivity experiments are carried out to reveal the formation mechanism of this rainfall event. In the meantime, conventional observations, satellite images, and the WRF model outputs are also utilized to perform a preliminary dynamic and thermodynamic diagnostic analysis of the rainstorm systems. It is found that the torrential rain occurred in favorable synoptic conditions such as warm and moist environment, low lifting condensation level, and high convective instability. The moisture transport by strong southerly winds associated with the rapid northward advance of the cyclonic wind perturbation over the northern SCS provided the warm and moist condition for the formation of the excessive rain. Under the dynamic steering of a southwesterly flow ahead of a north trough and that on the southwest side of the West Pacific subtropical high, the mesoscale vortex （or the cyclonic wind perturbation）, after its genesis, moved northward and brought about enormous rain in most parts of Guangdong Province through providing certain lifting forcing for the triggering of mesoscale convection. During the development of the mesoscale vortex, heavy rainfall was to a certain extent enhanced by the mesoscale topography of the Yunwu Mountain in Guangdong. The effect of the Yunwu Mountain is found to vary under different prevailing wind directions and intensities. The location o     

西南东部又遭雨雪冰冻北方出现三次沙尘天气——2008年2月——

2月,全国平均气温为-4.3℃,比常年同期(-2,8℃)偏低1.5℃,为1985年以来最低值.海南、宁夏2月区域平均气温为1951年以来历史同期次低值.全国平均降水量为13.1mm,较常年同期(17.0mm)偏少3.9mm.月内,西南地区东部出现雨雪冰冻天气;东北、华北出现不同程度干旱;长江中下游沿江地区出现大雾天气;北方地区出现三次沙尘天气过程;黄河宁夏段封河里程为近40年来最长.     

南方暴雨成灾 北方强对流频发——2008年8月——

2008年8月,正值我国举办奥运会,期间我国出现了不少强天气过程,南方暴雨洪涝和北方强对流频发.本月,全国平均月降水量比常年同期偏多;安徽月降水量为1951年以来历史同期第2多,湖北、贵州为历史同期第3多.     

RIEMS2.0不同模拟区域模拟中国北方多年气候平均态比较

Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0 （RIEMS2.0） is now being developed by the Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In order to test the sensitivity of the RIEMS2.0 model domain to simulate long-term climate and its change, and provide a basis for the further development and application of the model, the authors compared results between simulated and observed precipitation and surface-airtemperature using two model domains under different cumulus parameterization schemes. The model was driven by NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data with a simulation duration ranging from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2007. There were no significant differences found in the spatial distributions of the simulated precipitation and surface-air-temperature, or interannual variations between the two model domains. There were, however, differences observed between the two model domain simulations of local sub-regions. The smaller model domain more accurately simulated precipitation, especially in summer （June, July, and August）, and decreased the bias of surface-airtemperature, especially in winter （December, January, and February）. The weak summer and winter monsoons simulated by the smaller model domain was a result of boundary forcings and may partially account for the improvements of this model.