3万年以来挪威海南部冰岛-苏格兰溢流变化及其对海冰活动的响应

北欧海南部沉积物所记录的末次冰盛期以来千年尺度快速气候事件下的溢流水变化特征,对研究历史上热盐环流与气候的相互作用机制有着重要意义.本文基于冰岛东北部陆架IS-1B岩芯(65°36.357′N, 8°59.045′W)上部130 cm的沉积物粒度组成、颜色反射率和高分辨率XRF元素地球化学扫描测试数据,结合有孔虫AMS 14C测年数据和邻近海区站位沉积资料,利用因子分析等方法,重建了研究区3万年(HS 3期)以来的沉积记录,并重点研究了冰岛-苏格兰溢流水(ISOW)的历史变化特征及其对海冰活动的响应.研究结果显示, ISOW在末次冰盛期初期、 HS1末期到 B/A 暖期和全新世时期强度较高,在HS 3期末期、末次冰盛期中后期到HS 1初期和YD时期强度较弱,其中粒度和地球化学证据都指示ISOW在末次冰盛期和YD时期受北冰洋底层水入侵和海平面下降的影响可能发生了多次停滞.总体来说,挪威海南部ISOW强度的变化与表层海水温度有较强的相关性,表现为冰期减弱,间冰期增强的变化趋势.挪威海北部海冰的覆盖范围自HS 3末期至末次冰盛期开始逐渐南移,并在HS 2初期越过冰岛-苏格兰海脊,在冰岛海盆北部形成常年的冰覆盖. HS 1期中后期到B/A暖期,海冰影响范围开始逐渐下降,但在 B/A 暖期末期到YD时期海冰活动便快速恢复,直至进入全新世后,挪威海南部海冰活动强度才逐渐下降,一直保持相对稳定的季节性海冰活动状态.     

公元10世纪冰岛埃尔加(Eldgjá)火山喷发对中国的古气候效应

本文通过搜寻公元10世纪冰岛埃尔加(Eldgjá)火山喷发前后(公元932～948年)各地气候冷暖变化的历史文献记录以及树轮记录，重点发掘并考订了中国的历史文献记录，对公元10世纪冰岛埃尔加火山喷发的气候效应，特别是对中国的气候效应进行了分析。综合中国、欧洲和中东以及日本等地的历史文献记录与树轮记录，发现埃尔加火山喷发后的气候变冷集中在公元934～935年和公元939～942年两个时期。公元934～935年的降温可能是欧洲和中东的区域性降温，公元939～942年的降温在全球范围有广泛表现。埃尔加火山喷发开始后直至公元938年，中国出现了区域性的气候变暖，变暖的峰值可能在公元934年。从现有历史文献证据分析，埃尔加火山喷发后中国的降温发生在公元939～942年。初步估计，公元939年到940年冬季(939年12月至940年2月)中国洛阳开封一带相对于公元933～938年的降温幅度可达5℃～8℃。我们对埃尔加火山喷发过程的考订印证了前人的推测：埃尔加火山在3～8年的喷发过程中，可能于公元934年和939年前后各出现一个喷发的高潮。     

冰岛下方狭窄地幔柱的层析X射线摄影证据

众所周知,冰岛同时处于中大西洋海脊（ＭＡＲ）和热点处。一方面,冰岛上的新火山带与大洋扩张中心处的类似,通常被解释为ＭＡＲ的陆地延伸。另一方面,具有独特地球化学特征的过多的火山活动、极厚的（１６ｃｍ）洋壳和大的（穿过１０００ｋｍ或更多）地貌上隆均表明同...     

Gas Geothermometry in the Hveragerdi High—Temperature Geothermal Field,SW Iceland

Five gas geothermometers based on the concentrations of CO2,H2S,H2,CH2,N2 and Ar in fumaroles and wet-stem wells are applied to estimating subsurface temperatures in the Hveragerdi high-temperature geothmal field,SW Iceland,The results for fumaroles indicate that the calculated subsurface temperatures decrase from the northern part to the southern part of the field.The CO2-geothermometer gives the highers temperature values,with an average of 256℃ for the northern part,and 247℃ for the southern part.The H2S-geothermometer reveals an aquifer temperature of 211℃ for the northern part,and 203℃ for the southern part.The H2-geothermometer gives an average subsurface temperature of 229℃ for the northern part,and 184℃ for the southern part,which agerees excellently with the measured temperatures in wet-steam wells.The measured borhole temperatures in the field range from 215℃ to 230℃ for the northern part,and from 167℃ to 198℃ for the southern part.The CO2/H2-geothermometer gives the lowest subsurface temperature values,with an average of 203℃ for the northern part,and 143℃ for the southern part,The CO2/N2-geothermometer gives 249℃ for the northern part and 235℃ for the southern part.For the data from wells,the CO2-, H2S-,and H2-geothermometers,give average subsurface temperatures of 247℃ for the northern part and 246℃ for the southern part,213℃ for the northern part and 220℃ for the southern part,and 217℃ for the northern part and 216℃ for the southern part,respectively.The CO2/H2-geothermometer indicates an average subsurface tem,perature of about 200℃ for both the northern part and the southern part.The CO2/N2-geothermometer gives an average subsurface temperature of 180℃ for the northern part and 259℃ for the southern part.The discrepancy between the estimeated subsurface temperatures obtained by the various gas geothermometers has been explained in this paper.By integrating the solute geothermometric results,mixing model studies and gas geothermometric results.the maximum subsurface temperatures of the Hveragerdi high-temperature geothermal system may be considered to be about 240-260℃,     

一座火山平静“泄压”后引发的思考

<正>"这次火山喷发并不怎么特殊。"2010年4月14日,冰岛第五大冰川——埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖冰川下一座火山开始连续喷发,火山灰冲上万米高空,逐渐覆盖整个欧洲的天空。16日,火山再度喷发,引发冰泥     

Amery ice shelf DEM and its marine ice distribution

1 Introduction The Amery Ice Shelf, the largest ice shelf in East Antarctica, has a total surface area of about6.1×104km2. The ice shelf drains the grounded ice fromthe interior of the Lam- bert Glacier drainage basin thatcovers an area of larger than1.3…     

国际视野下的地热资源开发利用

正近年来,全球严峻的能源形势以及使用常规能源所带来的环境问题,促使世界各国努力地寻找新的替代能源来构建多元化能源结构,以保证本国能源安全。地热能以其清洁和储量丰富的特点正吸引着越来越多的国家予以关注,本文将美国、冰岛、日本这3个地热能源开发利用突出国家的经验进行梳理介绍,以飨读者。目前国际上有100多个国家开发利用地热能,并以每年12%的速度递增,能源专家普遍预计,到2100年地热能利用将在世界能源总值中占30%~80%。地热能是指蕴藏在地球内部距地表5公里以内     

Iceland： a window on North-Atlantic divergent plate tectonics and geologic processes

Opening of the North Atlantic about 60 million years ago was associated with massive basaltic volcanism, now found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Divergence of the North American and Eurasian plates since then has formed the ocean floor in the North Atlantic, with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge marking the present day plate boundary. Iceland is the only large sub-aerial portion of the ridge. These unique conditions provide a ＂window＂ on divergent plate tectonics and related geologic processes, some of the main features of which are described and explained in this paper： The geological record in Iceland reaches back into late Tertiary and is particularly notable for the interplay of rift-volcanism and glaciation during the last three million years of rapid climate change.