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71.
The toxic effects of benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 7.5 μgL^-1) on scallop (Chlamys farreri) immune system were studied. The results showed that B[α]P had significant toxic effects on the haemocyte counts, neutral red uptake, phagocytosis, bacteriolytic and antibacterial activity (P〈0.05), while the seawater control and acetone control had no significant differences. The haemocyte counts, neutral red uptake, phagocytosis and bacteriolytic activity in all B[α]P treatment groups as well as antibacterial activity in groups of 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 7.5 μgL^-1·B[α]P decreased significantly (P〈0.05). Some of these indices tended to be stable on the sixth day and others on the ninth day, and the indices showed clear time- and concentration-response to B[α]E Bactenolytic activity in 0.1 μgL^-1 B[α]P treatment group and antibacterial activity in 0.1 ggLl and 0.5 μgL^-1 B[α]P treatment groups increased at the beginning of exposure and reached their peaks on day 1 and day 6, respectively. Following that, both activities decreased gradually and became stable after day 9. When all the indices reached stability, they were significantly lower than those in control group (P〈0.05), except for antibacterial activity in 0.1 μgLl B[α]P treatment group (P〉0.05). Thus, B[α]P has evident toxic effects on scallop immune system, which supports the view that a relationship exists between pollution and lmmunomodulation in aquatic organisms. 相似文献
72.
To investigate the genotoxic effect of marine sediments on aquatic organism, sediment samples were collected from 13 sites along the coast of Gwangyang Bay (Korea). Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments were determined and the relationship between exposure of flounder blood cells to sediment extracts and DNA single-strand breakage in the blood cells was examined using the comet assay. Levels of DNA damage were proportionally increased by exposure concentration and the highest sediment-associated DNA damage was observed at the station showing the highest PAHs contamination. DNA damage in blood cells exposed to five types of PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, anthracene, pyrene and phenanthrene) and in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) for 0, 2 and 4 days were assessed by measuring comet tail length. The tail lengths of five PAHs-exposed groups at 50 and 100 ppb were significantly different from the non-exposed group, and the genotoxic effect of BaP correlated with both concentration and duration of exposure. Throughout the study, significant differences in DNA breakage were recorded between cells exposed to sediment extracts or PAHs and non-exposed control. This study demonstrated the comet assay as a successful tool in monitoring contamination of marine sediments and assessing genotoxicity of PAHs in marine organisms, either in vitro or in vivo. 相似文献
73.
高地应力条件下,深埋隧道破碎围岩容易发生挤压大变形。挤压变形量的预测对于工程的设计与施工至关重要。经验预测方法因其形式简单、使用方便得到广泛应用,现有隧道挤压变形预测的经验法具有以下特点:(1)考虑的影响因素较少,多数仅能对挤压变形进行分级,无法给出挤压变形量;(2)现有经验变形预测方法多基于围岩Q分级系统,不能直接应用于国内的BQ分级系统。因此,基于对国内外100多条隧道变形监测数据的分析,提出一种新的适用于国内岩体基本质量指标修正值[BQ]的挤压变形预测方法。该方法综合考虑了隧道埋深、跨度、围岩强度应力比、地下水、岩体结构面等影响岩体挤压变形的多种因素。通过与多条大变形隧道监测结果的对比分析,验证了预测方法的合理性,研究成果对高地应力软岩隧道确定支护强度及提前采取超前加固措施具有十分重要的指导作用。 相似文献
74.
75.
The Kangmar gneiss dome, typical of the north Himalayan gneiss domes, is composed of three tectono- lithologic units separated by an upper and a lower detachment fault (Kangmar detachment fault). The low-grade metamorphic Tethyan Himalayan sedimentary sequence formed the upper unit above the brittle upper detachment fault. The mylonitic granites and two-mica granites made up the lower unit beneath the ductile lower detachment fault. The mylonitc middle-grade garnet two-mica schist and biotite-plagioclase gneiss constituted the middle unit inbetween the two detachment faults and were involved in the ductile deformation of the Kangmar detachment fault. The meso- and micro-scale structural analyses on the tectonites from the detachment fault zone indicated that the Kangmar detachment fault experienced a top-down-to-north shear. Integrating macro-/micro-analyses of petrology and mineralogy, this study adopts 40Ar/39Ar dating method to constrain the active time of the Kangmar detachment fault. Analyses of the syn-deformation muscovite from the mylonitic garnet two-mica schist yield a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 13.23±0.15 Ma, representing the active time of the Kangmar detachment fault. The chronological result hints that the Kangmar detachment was synchronous with the south Tibet detachment systems to the south and was probably part of the south Tibet detachment systems exposed in the Tethyan Himalayan sedimentary sequence. However, this hypothesis needs from the supports of more geological and geophysical evidence. ©, 2015, Science Press. All right reserved. 相似文献
76.
77.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):537-564
Available data on phytoplankton and bacterial abundance and production off the coasts of southern Africa (to the 500 m depth contour) have been assembled and analysed for a network analysis of carbon flow in the Benguela ecosystem. Phytoplankton carbon biomass (from measurements of chlorophyll a) in the northern Benguela (2 558 300 tons) was considerably higher than in the southern Benguela (671 420 and 516 400 tons for the West and South coasts respectively). However, overall annual production (from C14-uptake measurements) was similar, 77 416 608, 76 399 973 and 78 988 020 tons C·year?1 respectively. Phytoplankton respiration and sedimentation losses were calculated as functions of primary production and therefore followed similar trends. From the most conservative estimates (mean bacterial biomass of 10 mg C·m?3 and average P:B of 0,2·day?1) bacterial biomass is 2–7 per cent of phytoplankton biomass in the northern and southern Benguela, and bacterial production is 3–5 per cent of primary production. Assuming a net growth yield of 30 per cent, bacteria would need to consume 9–15 per cent of the total primary production in order to meet their requirements for carbon consumption. Calculations based on a mean bacterial biomass of 40 mg C·m?3 and a mean growth rate of 0,5·day?1 in the upper 30 m of the water column show bacterial biomass to be 8–27 per cent of phytoplankton biomass and bacterial production to be 26–44 per cent of phytoplankton production. Bacterial carbon consumption requirements at these rates amount to 86–147 per cent of total primary production. 相似文献
78.
M. N. Taran K. Langer I. Abs-Wurmbach D. J. Frost A. N. Platonov 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(9):650-657
Pyrope-knorringite garnets, Mg3(Al1-X Cr3+X)2Si3O12 with X=0.25, 0.50, and 1.00, were synthesized between 9 and 16 GPa and 1300 and 1600 °C, using multianvil high-pressure techniques. The garnets with X=0.25 and 0.50 are fine-grained, pink and violet in color. The end-member knorringites with X=1.00 are black when compact and gray when coarse-grained. The fine powder is greenish gray in natural light and pale pink under a tungsten lamp. Powder remission spectra in the wavenumber range 30 000–10 000 cm–1 on finely powdered crystals were measured by two different methods: (I.) by the use of a small integrating sphere for small samples or (II.) microscope-spectrometric measurement using diffusely reflected radiation from a 45° illuminated microsample. Both methods yielded similar diffuse reflectance spectra. The following crystal-field parameters of [6]Cr3+ were determined for garnets with X=0.25, 0.50, 1.00: 10 Dq=17 856, 17 596, 17 286 cm–1; and B=654, 677, 706 cm–1; nephelauxetic ratio =(Bfield/Bfree)= 0.71, 0.74, 0.77. The -values indicate decreasing covalency of the Cr–O bond with increasing Cr content. The 10 Dq value for together with the mean Cr–O distance in end-member knorringite, 1.96 Å (Novak and Gibbs 1971), were used to calculate from the spectral data, local mean Cr–O distances (Langer 2001a) as a function of composition. The results indicate relatively strong local site relaxation with a value of =0.77. 相似文献
79.
The breeding habitat selection by houbara bustards in Mori, Xinjiang, China duringthe breeding seasons from April to June 1998-2000 was studied. Most of habitats chosen forbreeding were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high bushy patches. The nesting re-males clearly prefer Iow covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. Thenumber of herb species was significantly smaller at nest sites than at randomly selected sites.Only the distance to the closest fox den contributed the most to discrimination between successfuland predated nests. The average distance to the closest fox den was significantly longer at suc-cessful nests than at depredated nests. Vegetative density, plant species richness, topography anddistance to the closest fox den are possibly the most important factors that determined the nestsites selection of houbara bustard. The displaying males clearly prefer Iow covered areas andavoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant spe-cies at display sites was significantly lower than that at randomly selected sites. The average dis-tance to the closest bushy patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites.Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the bushy patches arepossibly the most important factors for the display sites selection of houbara bustard. 相似文献
80.
R. Buscail 《Organic Geochemistry》1986,10(4-6)
The study of biogeochemical processes at the water-sediment interface must be able to explain the relatively small content of organic carbon in the sediment, compared to the calculated carbon flux in the oceans. The input of an organic molecule at the marine sediment surface (Gulf of Lion, France) was simulated by the injection of a 14C labelled molecule in the water of a preserved interface. A glutamic acid [14C(U)] simulated marine organic matter, whereas a catechol [14C(U)] represented continental organic material. The separation by successive acid and basic extractions of the remaining initial compounds and the resulting products showed the relative importance of biological (respiration, assimilation) and geochemical (adsorption on argillaceous particles and condensation in geopolymers) processes occurring at the water-sediment interface. The evaluation was supported by the determination of the geochemical (humic substances), hydrological (conditions of temperature and degree of oxygénation) and sedimentological characteristics of the environment studied and by the estimation of the benthic activity. 相似文献