驳施雅风“冰臼”“负球状风化”成因论

施雅风院士最近撰文指出笔者等近年来在中国东部发现的若干"冰臼"并非冰川遗迹,而是花岗岩经"负球状风化"而成。然而,他所谓的"负球状风化说"与当地的气候环境条件和客观存在的事实完全相悖。冰臼是地表负地形之一,现今是"堆积区"而不是"侵蚀区",以现代常见的侵蚀作用产生冰臼的所谓"风说"、"壶说"、"风雨说"、"差异风化说"、"负球状风化"等,都是不可能的。这些假说是对过去业己形成冰臼群进行不同成因推断,是对冰臼群成因的最大误解。冰臼只能由大量冰川融水沿冰川裂隙自上向下,以滴水穿石的方式形成滚流水钻,强烈冲击下伏基岩产生。从河流流水动力学特点上看,急流旋涡主要产生水平力为主,而冰臼的形成主要是垂直力才有可能产生,因此河流流水也是无法产生冰臼的。     

寒区对研究设计施工的影响——第14届寒区工程学术会议综述

由美国土木工程师协会(ASCE)组织召开的寒区工程学术会议是北美寒区岩土工程界最为重要的学术交流会议之一.近年来,参加该会议的北美以外的寒区科研技术人员日渐增多.第14届寒区工程会议于2009年9月在美国Minnesota州Duluth市成功举行.根据本次会议的论文主题,从冻结作用、路面工程、铁路及公路工程以及其它一些方面对会议展示的主要研究进展进行了总结.     

基于ARM7的嵌入式三维电阻率采集子站的设计研究

提出了一种基于ARM7的嵌入式三维电阻率采集子站设计方法,采用24位A/D转换器（ADS1258）和ARM7微处理器（LPC2378）,使三维电阻率法数据采集系统具有体积小、功耗低、成本低、精度高等特点,同时实现μC/OSⅡ操作系统在ARM的移植,为数据采集的实时性提供可能。     

Hydrothermal Alteration Related to Silver Mineralization at the Iwami Silver Deposit,Shimane Prefecture,Japan

The Iwami epithermal silver deposit consists of Ag-Cu veins in a dacitic intrusive body at the deep portion of the Eikyu area, and veinlets with disseminated Ag mineralization in dacitic tuff breccia at a shallow portion of the Fukuishi area. Hydrothermal alteration associated with the silver mineralization is characterized by intense potassium metasomatism with oxidizing conditions. An illite zone occurs around the pathways of uprising fluids in both the Eikyu and Fukuishi areas. It grades laterally into the illite/smectite zone, which is surrounded by a broad smectite zone. Because of boiling, abundant adularia associated with silver mineralization overlaps on the altered tuff breccia in the Fukuishi area. The alteration zoning suggests that the western Eikyu area and the eastern Fukuishi area belong to a single hydrothermal system. The data of fluid inclusion microthermometry indicate that the temperatures range 220–270°C, and salinities range 5–7 wt percent NaCl equivalent for the silver mineralization at the upper portion in the Eikyu area and the lower portion in the Fukuishi area. Radiometric ages for volcanic rocks in the area range from 2.19 to 1.64 Ma, and the dacitic intrusion formed at approximately 1.6 Ma. The silver-dominant mineralizing hydrothermal fluids system was active around 1.44 to 1.07 Ma, which formed the Eikyu Ag-Cu veins at depth, and the Fukuishi Ag ores at the shallower portion.     

青藏高原西北缘郭扎错断裂~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学研究——阿尔金断裂西延的新证据

采自阿尔金断裂西南端、沿郭扎错—龙木错—空喀山口一线展布的郭扎错断裂内的糜棱岩样品中同构造黑云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素测年的坪年龄分别为105.9Ma±0.5Ma、121.5Ma±0.6Ma、150.4Ma±0.9Ma,表明其早期韧性变形事件发生在晚侏罗世和早白垩世晚期,与阿尔金断裂带主期活动的时期基本一致,为阿尔金断裂带西延提供了新的证据。研究表明,郭扎错断裂与阿尔金断裂带具有一致的变形年代学特征、构造特征等属性,前者是后者的西延部分,二者为同一构造带,均是拉萨地块整体向北运动的动力环境下所产生的脉冲式构造活动的产物。     

利用H/V方法研究琼北火山区的浅表层地质变化特征

海南琼北活火山作为华南沿海重要的第四纪火山, 一直受到国内外学者的广泛关注, 目前对该火山的形成演化已开展了大量深部地质结构的研究, 但对其表层地质结构特征仍然缺乏详细了解。水平-垂直频谱比法(简称H/V方法)已被广泛应用于浅表层地质结构的研究, 本文基于35个便携式微功耗地震仪组成的流动台阵观测数据, 采用经典全波场H/V_(full)和瑞利波椭圆率H/V_(Ray)分析方法, 获得了琼北火山区H/V曲线峰值频率(F₀)和放大倍数(A₀)的空间变化特征。琼北火山区H/V曲线峰值频率变化强烈, 以长流-仙沟断裂为界, 断裂西南侧很难从H/V曲线中获取清晰的F₀和A₀, 而断裂东北侧则存在明显的F₀和A₀。结合已有地质资料, 本文认为长流-仙沟断裂西南侧处于凹陷区, 其浅表层火山岩未发生明显的风化作用, 而东北侧位于隆起区域, 地表火山岩受到了比较严重的风化作用。这一研究结果表明, H/V方法可反映表层火山岩的风化状态, 火山岩出露场地H/V曲线的峰值频率和放大倍数随风化作用程度的增强而表现得更加明显。本研究为琼北火山区浅表火山岩风化状态和地震危险性评估提供了重要的信息支撑。     

A Landsat-based evaluation of lake water clarity in Maine lakes

Temporal trends in water clarity and land-use/land-cover (LULC), as well as the relationship between changes in water clarity and LULC, were analyzed using water clarity values extracted from Landsat images from 1986 to 2008, acquired for east-central Maine. Of 40 lakes identified using satellite imagery, our analysis found one lake with a significant decrease in water clarity. In a second data-set, with 99 lakes, we identified two lakes with a significant increase in water clarity. Analyses of the relationship between temporal changes in the water clarity and LULC did not identify any clear, consistent, relationships between changes in the water quality variables and LULC. Overall, the results of this study aid in the identification of the relationship between water clarity and LULC, and identify temporal changes in water clarity. The findings of this study support the previous research that demonstrates the ability of satellite imagery to be used in assessments of water clarity, thus enabling evaluation at broader spatial scales and longer temporal scales than assessments that rely solely on ground-based data.     

Conflation and aggregation of spatial data improve predictive models for species with limited habitats: A case of the threatened yellow-billed cuckoo in Arizona,USA

Riparian vegetation provides important wildlife habitat in the southwestern United States, but limited distributions and spatial complexity often leads to inaccurate representation in maps used to guide conservation. We test the use of data conflation and aggregation on multiple vegetation/land-cover maps to improve the accuracy of habitat models for the threatened western yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis). We used species observations (n = 479) from a state-wide survey to develop habitat models from 1) three vegetation/land-cover maps produced at different geographic scales ranging from state to national, and 2) new aggregate maps defined by the spatial agreement of cover types, which were defined as high (agreement = all data sets), moderate (agreement ≥ 2), and low (no agreement required). Model accuracies, predicted habitat locations, and total area of predicted habitat varied considerably, illustrating the effects of input data quality on habitat predictions and resulting potential impacts on conservation planning. Habitat models based on aggregated and conflated data were more accurate and had higher model sensitivity than original vegetation/land-cover, but this accuracy came at the cost of reduced geographic extent of predicted habitat. Using the highest performing models, we assessed cuckoo habitat preference and distribution in Arizona and found that major watersheds containing high-probably habitat are fragmented by a wide swath of low-probability habitat. Focus on riparian restoration in these areas could provide more breeding habitat for the threatened cuckoo, offset potential future habitat losses in adjacent watershed, and increase regional connectivity for other threatened vertebrates that also use riparian corridors.     

A Forest Commons Revival in Slovenia

Forest commons in Slovenia are a poorly known indigenous institution for common resource management. They are a functional entity linked to a specific community that establishes interpersonal and intergenerational ties, as well as a link to the resource. We refer to shared ownership of resource, once made of pastures; today forests prevail. Collective property management remained despite community changes and legislation development. Today registered forest commons represent approximately one-third of those that existed before 1945. We highlight seven developmental turns to explain their revival. Six indicators are used in the analysis of current conditions. Forest commons are a potentially effective response to forest management challenges in Slovenia but also a potential model of social cohesion, rational resource use, and a balance between forest use and conservation. However, they are plagued by state ignorance, which hinders statistically sound analyses.     

世界石油探明储量分布特征与空间格局演化

石油探明储量是一个动态变化的过程,文章对1980年以来不同区域尺度,包括全球、各大区以及国家层面的石油探明储量变化、分布特征等进行分析,得出结论:(1)世界石油探明储量自1980年以来大致经历了4个阶段,呈现明显的阶梯状增长的态势,基本每十年出现一次储量跃升,并保持一段时间的平稳。储采比一直稳定在40年以上,呈现缓慢上升的趋势。(2)大区尺度的石油探明储量分布不均衡,且探明储量的变化趋势不同。中东一直是石油探明储量最大的地区,其次为中南美洲地区。中东、北美占世界比重先升后降。非洲和中南美洲稳步提升,亚太地区持续下滑。(3)国家层面的石油探明储量呈现明显的集中分布。储量前4的国家占世界储量的53.75%,储量超过10亿吨的国家在很大程度上主导着世界石油开发的基本格局。从各国演变来看,世界石油储量呈现出多极化的趋势,从中东、北美向中亚、俄罗斯和中南美洲等转移。