东亚地区对流层上层大气环流年进程的研究

利用NCEP-NCAR月平均的高空风场资料,对东亚对流层上层大气环流变化的年进程进行了分析研究,发现北半球西风急流、热带东风气流、越赤道气流、南亚高压和太平洋中部存在明显的季节变化,而且它们之间这种年进程相互关联.     

Comparison between MODIS-derived Day and Night Cloud Cover and Surface Observations over the North China Plain

Satellite and human visual observation are two of the most important observation approaches for cloud cover. In this study, the total cloud cover(TCC) observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites was compared with Synop meteorological station observations over the North China Plain and its surrounding regions for 11 years during daytime and7 years during nighttime. The Synop data were recorded eight times a day at 3-h intervals. Linear interpolation was used to interpolate the Synop data to the MODIS overpass time in order to reduce the temporal deviation between the satellite and Synop observations. Results showed that MODIS-derived TCC had good consistency with the Synop observations; the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 in winter to 0.73 in summer for Terra MODIS, and from 0.55 in winter to 0.71 in summer for Aqua MODIS. However, they also had certain differences. On average, the MODIS-derived TCC was 15.16%higher than the Synop data, and this value was higher at nighttime(15.58%–16.64%) than daytime(12.74%–14.14%). The deviation between the MODIS and Synop TCC had large seasonal variation, being largest in winter(29.53%–31.07%) and smallest in summer(4.46%–6.07%). Analysis indicated that cloud with low cloud-top height and small cloud optical thickness was more likely to cause observation bias. Besides, an increase in the satellite view zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, or snow cover could lead to positively biased MODIS results, and this affect differed among different cloud types.     

Long-Term Measurements of Light Hydrocarbons (C2–C5) at Schauinsland (Black Forest)

Long-term measurements of light hydrocarbons(C₂–C₅ HCs) were performed in the courseof the EUROTRAC sub-project TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research) in thesouthern part of the Black Forest in southwest Germany. The measurementscover a time period of five years (January 1989–January 1994) and theair samples were analyzed onsite by an automated GC-system. Pronouncedannual cycles with maxima in late winter and minima in late summer wereobserved in the case of the slowly reacting hydrocarbons ethane, propane andacetylene, reflecting the fact that the seasonal variation of these speciesis photochemically driven. For the shorter lived compounds the seasonalvariations are considerably weaker, connected with a stronger scatter of theindividual measurements, which is caused by different distances to theirmain sources for different wind vectors as well as by varying sourcestrengths. From a detailed characterization of the hydrocarbon patterns theinfluence of two different sources could be distinguished. An extrapolationto photochemical age of zero and completion of our data with those from aspeciated VOC inventory yields an estimated [VOC]/NO_x sourceratio for Schauinsland of 5 [ppbC/ppb]. Comparable[VOC]/NO_x ratios are observed in automobile exhaust gasesunder low speed conditions, which points to the important role of trafficunder conditions, when freshly polluted air masses from a near-by city areadvected to the site. From an investigation of the photochemical age of theadvected air masses it becomes clear that there must exist biogenic sourcesof light olefins in the vicinity of the observatory during the vegetationperiod. For propene and the butenes we are able to estimate a lower limit oftheir contributions in terms of reactivity to the total reactivity( [HC](i) k_OH(i),i=C₂-C₅) of the measured hydrocarbons. Forlowest pollution levels in summer (acetylene <300 ppt, about 40%of the summer values) this source is found to be responsible for15–20% of the total C₂–C₅reactivity observed at Schauinsland. On the average, this source accountsfor 5–10% of the total C₂–C₅reactivity.     

影响太阳总辐射各主要因子的分析

本文通过分析北京地区１９９０年１－１２月晴天与实际天气条件下的太阳辐射和常规气象观测资料，得到了描述晴天和实际天气条件下的太阳总辐射的一种关系式，并着重分析了影响到达地面的太阳总辐射各因子的主次作用。     

卫星风推导和应用综述

该文介绍了卫星风推导和应用的进展, 包括卫星风的算法, 卫星风在数值天气预报中的应用, 卫星风在天气分析和预报中的应用以及卫星风的研究工作动向。目前各个卫星数据处理中心卫星风的算法大体一致和稳定。风矢量的追踪用相关匹配法, 而风矢量的高度指定依靠双通道物理方法。卫星风的质量是从图像定位和定标开始的许多工作阶段的综合结果, 确保每个工作段的高质量对于风矢量的计算都十分重要。卫星风的高度指定仍然是最有挑战性的课题。因为物理定高方法进展不明显, 近期内尤其要重视几何定高技术的研究和使用。静止气象卫星的风对数值预报的影响在热带和南半球是正反馈; 由于在极地地区各种资料都十分匮乏, 极地卫星风对数值天气预报有非常明显的正反馈。卫星风与云图叠合显示, 在主要雨带、副热带高压、强对流和热带气旋的诊断、分布、预报中十分有用。     

东亚地区一次切断低压引起的平流层、对流层交换数值模拟研究

用中尺度模式(MM5)模拟研究东亚地区(网格中心45°N,120°E)一次强切断低压过程(2000年4月8日～12日)引起的平流层、对流层交换.用Wei公式计算此次过程由平流层到对流层的净交换量为5.0×1014 kg,平均交换通量为-0.72×10-3 kg m-2 s-1.地面锋与高空锋的相互作用,在急流入口处和高空锋区出现对流层顶折叠,并引起平流层、对流层物质交换,其中空气的水平运动起主要作用.利用历史天气图统计东亚地区(20～70°N,80～180°E)切断低压的年平均个数为60,占北半球极区类型切断低压的52%.由此,推断东亚地区的平流层、对流层交换对整个北半球的平流层、对流层交换贡献很大.     

Improvement of surface albedo simulations over arid regions

To improve the simulation of the surface radiation budget and related thermal processes in arid regions, three sophisticated surface albedo schemes designed for such regions were incorporated into the Biosphere- Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）. Two of these schemes are functions of the solar zenith angle （SZA）, where the first one has one adjustable parameter defined as SZA1 scheme, and the second one has two empirical parameters defined as SZA2 scheme. The third albedo scheme is a function of solar angle and soil water that were developed based on arid-region observations from the Dunhuang field experiment （DHEX） （defined as DH scheme）. We evaluated the performance of the original and newly-incorporated albedo schemes within BATS using the in-situ data from the Oasis System Energy and Water Cycle Field Experiment that was carried out in JinTa, Gansu arid area （JTEX）. The results indicate that a control run by the original version of the BATS generates a constant albedo, while the SZA1 and SZA2 schemes basically can reproduce the observed diurnal cycle of surface albedo, although these two schemes still underestimate the albedo when SZA is high in the early morning and late afternoon, and overestimate it when SZA is low during noontime. The SZA2 scheme has a better overall performance than the SZA1 scheme. In addition, BATS with the DH scheme slightly improves the albedo simulation in magnitude as compared to that from the control run, but a diurnal cycle of albedo is not produced by this scheme. The SZA1 and SZA2 schemes significantly increase the surface absorbed solar radiation by nearly 70 W m^-2, which further raises the ground temperature by 6 K and the sensible heat flux by 35 W m^-2. The increased solar radiation, heat flux, and temperature are more consistent with the observations that those from the control run. However, a significant improvement in these three variables is not found in BATS with the DH scheme due to the neglect of the diurnal cycle of albedo. Further analysis indi     

南半球对流层大气对热带太平洋-印度洋海温异常综合模的响应及其机制解释

利用NOAA SST及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 研究了热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模和南半球对流层大气之间的遥相关模态并对其进行了机制解释。首先通过相关和合成分析, 给出了遥相关的空间模态, 结果表明: 北半球秋、冬季, 在南半球对流层大气存在和热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模密切联系的遥相关作用中心, 该中心的分布构成一列明显的从赤道中太平洋出发, 最终到达非洲中南部及赤道印度洋的Rossby波列, 将赤道太平洋、印度洋与南半球中高纬度大气连接起来, 起到了类似“大气桥” 的作用。而单纯IOD和单纯ENSO均难以在南半球对流层激发出遥相关波列, 进一步证实了两者共同作用的影响。其次, 利用行星波能量传播理论对两者之间的遥相关进行了机制分析, 发现纬向波数为1～3的大气行星波的能量传播是热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模与南半球对流层大气之间遥相关的一种可能的联系方式。     

GPS反演大气综合水汽含量的影响因素分析

目前地基GPS遥感大气综合水汽含量的可行性已经被众多实验所验证,为进一步改善地基GPS遥感大气综合水汽含量的精度,本文对2004年6月哈尔滨GPS跟踪站的观测数据进行了解算,并结合探空资料计算的水汽结果对各项误差进行了分析。结果表明:广播星历不能用于高精度GPS水汽遥感;5cm的测站坐标误差将引起3mm的水汽误差,截止高度角的不同以及通用模型均会对水汽结果造成不同程度的影响。     

中国地区冬季积雪遥感监测方法改进

该文概述了卫星遥感积雪监测原理,介绍了积雪判识方法,对国家卫星气象中心已有的业务化极轨气象卫星冬季旬积雪监测算法和流程进行了改进.经过比对,设计了新的可见光太阳天顶角订正模式,针对NOAA-16/AVHRR3和FY-1D/MVISR重新确定了积雪判识变量及相应的动态积雪检测阈值,提出了概率积雪判识方法,结合多光谱阈值法建立了概率结合阈值(Probability Combined with Threshold,PCT)的积雪判识方法,并以该算法为基础建立了新的业务化积雪动态遥感监测系统.同时,用新算法对部分历史产品重新做了处理,并简要分析了1996至2003年中国地区冬季积雪分布特征.