Refinement in the Reflection Properties of Electromagnetic Waves at a Stratigraphic Interface

The travel time of electromagnetic waves in conductive strata has a quantitative relation to the conductivity, permittivity, and permeability of the strata. Using these parameters, geologists can determine the lithology of rocks. But current logging and exploration methods take the time between incidence and reflection as zero and do not take into account the effect of the lateral shift delay when the electromagnetic wave is reflected on the interface of strata. In this article, the lateral shift delay will be considered and a more accurate relationship between petrophysics and electromagnetic wave travel time will be derived. The lateral shift delay of quasi-total reflection of inhomogeneous s-polarized electromagnetic waves (whose electric field is perpendicular to the incident plane) caused by the Goos–H?nchen effect is derived using the phase shift of the wave. The result fits both low and high frequency electromagnetic waves. But for geologists, the most valuable frequency range is between 10⁶ and 10⁹ Hz (1 MHz–1 GHz, wavelengths between 0.1 and 100 m). A numerical example where the frequency equals to 1 GHz. shows three discontinuous points at the critical angle of phase shift, the critical angle of attenuation and 90^∘. When the incident angle equals one of these three angles, the lateral shift delay will become infinite. That is, the electromagnetic wave will propagate along the interface. Even when the incident angle is close to one of them, the lateral shift delay is very large. The results also indicate that the two critical angles have an important relation to conductivity and permittivity of the two strata, and that the lateral shift delay has a relation to the incident angle. These results can be used to determine the lithology of the strata and to divide the strata more effectively. It is suggested that this approach may prove useful in electromagnetic logging analysis and, perhaps, in the design of logging instruments.     

Absolute phase center corrections of satellite and receiver antennas

Results of the estimation of azimuth-dependent phase center variations (PCVs) of GPS satellite antennas using global GPS data are presented. Significant variations of up to ±3–4 mm that are demonstrated show excellent repeatability over eight years. The application of the azimuthal PCVs besides the nadir-dependent ones will lead to a further reduction in systematic antenna effects. In addition, the paper focuses on the benefit of a possible transition from relative to absolute PCVs. Apart from systematic changes in the global station coordinates, one can expect the GPS results to be less dependent on the elevation cut-off angle. This, together with the significant reduction of tropospheric zenith delay biases between GPS and VLBI, stands for an important step toward more consistency between different space geodetic techniques.     

GPS气象的可靠性检核研究

本文通过对GPS湿延迟和水汽辐射计、GPS可降水量与无线电探空资料的比较,进行了GPS气象可靠性检核研究。得出如下结论:GPS可降水量序列与无线电探空的相关性可达0.94;差值均值为-0.24mm;均方根4.0mm。文中对用精密星历及快速预报星历计算所得的GPS湿延迟和水汽辐射计数据进行了比较,在发展趋势上水汽辐射计观测数据与快速预报/精密星历解算出的对流层湿延迟相近,且经过精密星历与快速预报星历反演所得出的的对流层延迟与水汽辐射计数据的差值的均方根分别为1.51cm、1.52cm。     

Comparisons of homogeneously reprocessed GPS and VLBI long time-series of troposphere zenith delays and gradients

Troposphere parameters estimated from space-geodetic techniques, like the Global Positioning System (GPS) or Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), can be used to monitor the atmospheric water vapor content. Although the troposphere can only be monitored at discrete locations, the distribution of the instruments, at least the GPS antennas, can be assumed to be quasi-global. Critical in the data analysis are systematic effects within each single technique that significantly degrade the accuracy and especially the long-term stability of the zenith delay determination. In this paper, consistent time-series of troposphere zenith delays and gradients from homogeneously reprocessed GPS and VLBI solutions are compared for a time period of 11 years. The homogeneity of these completely reprocessed time-series is essential to avoid misinterpretations due to individual model changes. Co-located sites are used to investigate systematic effects and the long-term behavior of the two space-geodetic techniques. Both techniques show common signals in the troposphere parameters at a very high level of precision. The biases between the troposphere zenith delays are at the level of a few millimeters. On the other hand, long-term trends significantly differ for the two techniques, preventing climatological interpretations at present. Tests assume these differences to be due to mathematical artifacts such as different sampling rates and unmodeled semi-annual signals with varying amplitudes.     

Monitoring Seasonal Variations of Ionospheric TEC Using GPS Measurements

The regional ionospheric model is adopted to determine satellite-plus-receiver differential delay. The satellite-plus-receiver differential delay is estimated as constant values for each day. Dual-frequency GPS pseudo-ranges observables are used to compute vertical TEC (VTEC). All the monthly mean VTEC profiles are represented by graphs using GPS data of the Beijing IGS site between 2000 and 2004. The monthly averaged values and amplitudes of VTEC are also represented by graphs. The results indicate that the VTEC has seasonal dependency. The monthly averaged values and amplitudes of VTEC in 2000 are about 2 times larger than that in 2004. The maximum VTEC values are observed in March and April, while the minimum VTEC values are observed in December. The seasonal variations trend is found to be similar after polynomial fitting between 2000 and 2004.     

两种GPS测定电离层电子密度模型的探讨

详细推导出利用GPS双频码距及载波相位观测值进行电离层子密度求定的Klobuchar模型以及Georgiadou模型,给出了求定这两种模型参数的数学表达,从理论上指出该两种模型适合单历元解算的基本条件,通过实例进行了两种模型的电离层修正误差与误差频率的分析和比较。结果表明,与Klobuchar模型相比,Georgiadou模型具有表达形式简单,对模型参数的初值精度要求较低,数据利用率较高,参数估计精度较高等优点。     

地下水污染研究中的几个问题

地下水污染研究中要讨论的问题很多。本文的主要内容是介绍关于地下水污染含义的各种观点,并提出作者的看法;综合归纳包气带中污染物的各种水文地球化学作用,并介绍监测包气带污染物迁移的各种方法;最后讨论地下水资源区域防护及局部防护的问题,并提出含水层防污性能的分类及地下水供水水源地防护带确定方法。     

BDS中长基线三频RTK算法研究

针对BDS中长基线RTK定位中整周模糊度受大气延迟误差影响难以正确固定的问题,提出一种BDS中长基线三频整周模糊度确定方法。采用MW组合确定B2-B3超宽巷整周模糊度,利用B2-B3超宽巷和B1-B3宽巷组合观测值所受电离层延迟误差较接近的特点,确定B1-B3宽巷整周模糊度。利用无电离层组合解算窄巷整周模糊度和相对天顶对流层延迟误差,最终实现实时动态定位。利用实测的BDS中长基线进行算法验证,结果表明,该方法可有效固定中长基线三频载波相位整周模糊度,获得cm级定位精度。     

无气象要素的GPS对流层延迟推算可降水量的研究

本文针对武汉地区GPS气象网资料,进行了GPS对流层延迟直接推算可降水量的研究。在武汉东湖站GPS对流层延迟与无线电探空可降水量的比较中,两者具有很好的相关性,相关系数达到了0.93;推导了对流层延迟直接推算可降水量的模型,对模型结果进行了检验,在武汉东湖站的对流层延迟转换的可降水量与无线电探空可降水量的比较中,均方根为7.8mm,相关性为0.91,这说明了在没有气象数据的地区对流层延迟直接推算的可降水量可以作为气象短期预报的参考。     

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