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Predictive optimal control for seismic analysis of non-linear and hysteretic structures

In this paper, an effective active predictive control algorithm is developed for the vibration control of non-linear hysteretic structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. The non-linear characteristics of the structural behaviour and the effects of time delay in both the measurements and control action are included throughout the entire analysis (design and validation). This is very important since, in current design practice, structures are assumed to behave non-linearly, and time delays induced by sensors and actuator devices are not avoidable. The proposed algorithm focuses on the instantaneous optimal control approach for the development of a control methodology where the non-linearities are brought into the analysis through a non-linear state vector and a non-linear open-loop term. An autoregressive (AR) model is used to predict the earthquake excitation to be considered in the prediction of the structural response. A performance index that is quadratic in the control force and in the predicted non-linear states, with two additional energy related terms, and that is subjected to a non-linear constraint equation, is minimized at every time step. The effectiveness of the proposed closed-open loop non-linear instantaneous optimal prediction control (CONIOPC) strategy is presented by the results of numerical simulations. Since non-linearity and time-delay effects are incorporated in the mathematical model throughout the derivation of the control methodology, good performance and stability of the controlled structural system are guaranteed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

线性关联滞后广义大系统的变结构控制

研究了一类线性关联滞后广义大系统的变结构控制综合问题.首先根据系统的结构和控制输入的特定形式,引入了1种新的受限系统等价分解形式,把每个子系统分解成2个低维的动态子系统：1个是不带控制项的线性关联微分差分系统,另1个是带有控制项的线性关联差分系统.然后设计了带有积分动态补偿器的切换函数, 给出了滑动模渐近稳定的充分条件.最后设计了可以保证系统的解的轨迹到达切换流形的多层分散变结构控制.这种控制对物理上分散等类型的线性关联滞后广义系统是合理的有效的.     

RESEARCH ON THE LOCAL CORRECTION MODEL OF ATMOSPHERIC DRY DELAY IN GPS REMOTE SENSING WATER VAPOR

1 INTRODUCTION As shown by much domestic and overseas study, the GPS technique can be used as a novel, efficient means in the measurement of water vapor. It increases the density of existing sounding sites both temporally and spatially and is useful in the remote sensing of regional and global content of water vapor[1]. The principle with which the GPS works in water vapor remote sensing is as follows[2]. While they are travelling to the receivers, GPS satellite signals are delayed in …     

亚暴期间等离子体对流速度及热层纬向风速度变化的统计学分析

本文利用2001年至2005年间CHAMP卫星及DMSP(F13,F15)卫星观测数据,对亚暴发生前后,亚暴初始位置所在磁地方时(Magnetic Local Time,MLT)东侧2h(+2h,MLT)至西侧4h(-4h,MLT)范围内等离子体对流速度(Vy)及热层纬向风速度(Uy)的变化进行了统计学分析.研究发现在亚暴发生后的1.5h内,所有MLT区间的Vy均明显增大,且峰值位置的地磁纬度向赤道侧移动,1.5h后,Vy减小,峰值的纬度向极区移动,表明亚暴的发生能显著增强等离子体对流速度;在亚暴发生位置的西侧0~2h内,Vy增幅最大,这表明亚暴对热层的影响主要在西侧,影响最大的区域是西侧0~2hMLT区间;Uy在亚暴发生后3h持续增大,其对亚暴的响应相较于Vy有1.5h的延迟.     

中纬热层大气质量密度经向结构差异研究

本文利用CHAMP卫星以及全球电离层-热层模型(GITM)来研究太阳活动低年(2007—2009年)中纬热层大气质量密度(ρ)的经度结构变化.结果如下:(1)ρ存在明显的经度单波结构(单峰和单谷),且南北半球反相,波峰和波谷随着地方时增加而向东移动;(2)模拟表明离子拖曳效应在ρ结构差异的形成中起到了重要的作用,欧亚地区电子密度经度差异性较弱,不足以影响ρ经度分布,导致该地区ρ经度差异不明显;(3)在磁中纬地区,太阳天顶角的经度差异可达20°~30°,太阳光加热的经度不均匀性是导致ρ经度差异的另一个主要原因.     

卫星钟差采样间隔对高频PPP-ZTD精度的影响

高频对流层延迟（ZTD）的提取对于反映水汽含量的高时间分辨率瞬时变化及其在暴雨短临预报中的应用具有重要意义。基于精密单点定位技术（PPP）分析了不同采样间隔的卫星钟差对PPP-ZTD精度的影响。结果表明,卫星钟差的时间间隔小于30 s时,所获得的PPP-ZTD(RMS<4 mm)比5 min间隔的（RMS<6 mm）精度要高;而5 s与30 s采样间隔的卫星钟差所获得的ZTD精度相当。     

基于HHT变换瞬时能量谱的长周期结构地震反应分析

基于HHT变换得到瞬时能量谱,并以简谐地震反应为理论基础进行多自由度体系在地震动作用下的瞬态反应计算。通过对一个长周期(十五层)结构工程实例的地震瞬态反应计算分析,揭示长周期结构有别于短周期结构动力响应的独特特性:长周期结构位移响应的瞬时能量峰值的时间滞后于地震动能量峰值的时间,且主要受到瞬态振动的控制,并以低阶振型的控制为主,第一阶振型峰值位移滞后的时间最长,滞后的时间主要取决于结构的第一阶自振周期。研究结果表明,长周期结构在强烈地震动作用下,地震动强度出现的最大时刻并不总是对应于结构破环与倒塌的时间。     

Failure time variation derived from R–S relation: the role of the static stress perturbation

In general, earthquake cycle related to earthquake faulting could include four major processes which could be described by (1) fault locking, (2) self-acceleration or nucleation (possible foreshocks), (3) coseismic slip, and (4) post-stress relaxation and afterslip. A sudden static stress change/perturbation in the surrounding crust can advance/delay the fault instability or failure time and modify earthquake rates. Based on a simple one-dimensional spring-slider block model with the combination of rate-and-state-dependent friction relation, in this study, we have approximately derived the simple analytical solutions of clock advance/delay of fault failures caused by a sudden static Coulomb stress change applied in the different temporal evolution periods during an earthquake faulting. The results have been used in the physics-based explanation of delayed characteristic earthquake in Parkfield region, California, in which the next characteristic earthquake of M 6.0 after 1966 occurred in 2004 instead of around 1988 according to its characteristic return period of 22 years. At the same time, the analytical solutions also indicate that the time advance/delay in Coulomb stress change derived by the dislocation model has a certain limitation and fundamental flaw. Furthermore, we discussed the essential difference between rate- and state-variable constitutive (R–S) model and Coulomb stress model used commonly in current earthquake triggering study, and demonstrated that, in fact, the Coulomb stress model could be involved in the R–S model. The results, we have obtained in this study, could be used in the development of time-dependent fault interaction model and the probability calculation related to the time-dependent and renewal earthquake prediction model.     

对流层活性卤素化学:充满机遇和挑战的研究领域

活性卤素物种(RHS)参与大气对流层中许多化学过程,影响许多重要物种的源和汇,在大气对流层化学中起着十分重要的作用,因此对流层活性卤素化学成为近年来国际大气化学研究的重要前沿研究领域。RHS在对流层的外场观测方法主要包括化学放大、大气压化学电离质谱（APCIMS）、长程差分吸收光谱（DOAS）、雾室和湿法化学分析法、光解法、碳同位素的比率法等。各种观测方法表明大气边界层中存在着不同种类的RHS,特别在海洋边界层、极地边界层和盐湖地区。RHS的浓度有较大的变化范围（10-12~10-10）。RHS可引起一些VOCs的氧化,影响HOx和NOx的反应,减少对流层O3,并对硫的氧化和汞化学有较大的影响。对流层RHS的源主要为有机卤素化合物的排放和海盐气溶胶的释放。在讨论RHS在对流层的循环转化的基础上,归纳总结出一个示意图;提出了现有的主要科学问题,进而展望了今后的研究前景。