青藏铁路主要冻土路基工程热稳定性及主要冻融灾害

在介绍青藏高原多年冻土退化背景及其工程影响的基础上,通过主要冻土路基现场监测和沿线调查,对青藏铁路冻土路基2002年以来的地温发展过程、热学稳定性及次生冻融灾害进行了分析。结果表明:青藏铁路自2006年通车后冻土路基整体稳定,列车运行速度达100 km/h,达到设计要求,但不同结构路基的热学稳定性不同,采取"主动冷却"方法的路基稳定性显著优于传统普通填土路基。管道通风路基、遮阳棚路基及U型块石路基冷却下伏多年冻土的效果显著,块石基底路基左右侧对称性较差,而处于强烈退化冻土区和高温冻土区的普通路基热稳定性差,需结合路基所在区域局地气候因素予以调整或补强。以热融性、冻胀性及冻融性灾害为主的次生冻融灾害对路基稳定性存在潜在危害,主要表现为路基沉陷、掩埋、侧向热侵蚀等,其中目前最为严重的病害是以路桥过渡段沉降为代表的热融性灾害。     

Roadbed, embankment, tower support and culvert stability problems on permafrost

The history of railway and highway construction in permafrost zones in Russia, the United States, Canada, and China spans more than 110 years. Nonetheless, no railway track or highway has yet been built in such area that is impervious to deformation caused by subsidence resulting from the thawing of ice-rich subgrade soils. This paper presents data on the roadbed states of the Transbaikalian and the Baikal-Amur Railways as well as the Russian "AMUR" Chita-Khabarovsk Highway. It also discusses the feasibility of roadbed stability maintenance using methods based on the reduction of the mean annual ground temperature and roadbed preservation in a permafrost state by means of the natural cooling and heating factors ratio regulation resulting in a reduction of the heat generation in the roadbed and the adjoining area accompanied by an increase of heat consumption with help of the sun-precipitation protective sheds (awnings), rock covers, dolomite powder (reflective paint), cooling tube and thermosyphons as well as tower supports and corrugated pipe culverts stability.     

青藏铁路通风路堤室内模型试验研究

正在建设中的青藏铁路即将穿越 5 5 0km的多年冻土区 ,冻土问题是青藏铁路面临的首要工程问题。出于铁路建设中保护冻土的原则 ,对通风路堤这一新的、主动保护冻土的路堤结构形式进行了几何相似比为 1∶4的大型室内试验 ,试验所得的路堤土体温度场分布及土体温度的变化结果表明 ,通风路堤能够有效地降低路堤土体的温度 ,从而达到保护天然地基冻土的目的。但是 ,温度场的分布在通风路堤内并不对称 ,及沿路堤中轴线的两侧左右不对称 ,这样可能会影响到下伏冻土温度的差异 ,从而引起不均匀冻胀、沉降变形。另一方面 ,暖季较高的气温条件下 ,通风管两端的进出口需要堵塞或关闭 ,以免造成土体吸热量较多而引起较大的沉降 ,但由于青藏高原很短的融化期 ,这一影响还有待现场试验工程的验证。     

Permafrost Characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Methods of Roadbed Construction of Railway

Permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway is featured by abundant ground ice and high ground temperature. Under the influence of climate warming and engineering activities, the permafrost is under degradation process. The main difficulty in railway roadbed construction is how to prevent thawing settlement caused by degradation of permafrost. Therefore the proactively cooling methods based on controlling solar radiation, heat conductivity and heat convection were adopted instead of the traditional passive methods, which is simply increasing thermal resistance. The cooling methods used in the Qinghai-Tibet railway construction include sunshine-shielding roadbeds, crushed rock based roadbeds, roadbeds with rock revetments, duct-ventilated roadbeds, thermosyphon installed roadbeds and land bridges. The field monitored data show that the cooling methods are effective in protecting the underlying permafrost, the permafrost table was uplifted under the embankments and therefore the roadbed stability was guaranteed.     

Technological risk regulation of the subgrade base stability in permafrost areas

Maintenance and risk estimation of a weak roadbed condition during the construction period are described.Risk-management procedure for unstable,weak soils is proposed through adjusting the technological loads and real-time monitoring of their influence.The efficiency of implementing maximum allowable vibroloads and the drainage system for strengthening weak soils is shown in the example of the Northern Latitudinal Railway area.     

公路路基下溶洞的探测与加固处理实践

为了弄清318国道野三关某段公路路基下溶洞的分布情况,采用地质雷达圈定了溶洞的分布范围。经过对溶洞扰动区的稳定性分析,选择注浆法对其加固处理,在溶洞加固之后进行了复测,效果显著。     

我国冻土路基工程研究的过去、现在和未来

回顾了中国冻土路基研究发展历程中的重要成果和历史脉络,重点介绍了青藏高原路基工程方面所取得的重要成果.随着国家西部大开发战略的实施和青藏铁路丁程的建设,我国在冻土路基基础理论、路基稳定性技术和理论模型和模拟等领域取得了重要进展.研究队伍迅速成长,特别是在冻土路基设计原则和理念的创新和进步世界瞩目,为将青藏铁路建设成世界一流的高原铁路奠定了坚实的理论基础.同时,青藏铁路的建设为如何修筑多年冻土路基提供了广阔的试验平台,不论从冻土路基设计理论、计算理论、路基稳定性技术等方面;还是新材料、新技术使用方面都可使冻土区路基修筑技术发展迈上一个新台阶.最后,基于冻土路基工程研究的实际和未来国家需求,提出了本学科未来的研究方向和需重点关注之处.     

青藏公路多年冻土段沥青路面热量平衡及路基稳定性研究

为彻底了解和治理青藏公路多年冻土段路基病害，选择昆仑山垭口和66道班两种不同并土类型路段，首次在沥青路面上开展路面辐射和热量平衡观测，并同时和路旁天然场地自然下垫面进行同项目的对比观测，通过观测和计算，研究了不同冻土类型路沥青路面下热量收支状况及路基热量年周转，找出了致使路基沉陷及产生融化核的根本原因，并对路基内融化核形成演化及其稳定性进行分析，计算了路基下人为上限达到最大深度及所需时间和融化核的最终稳定厚度，为青藏公路整治提出了可行性措施。     

藏东南高山区沿河公路路基水毁防护工程对策--以川藏公路中坝段为例

藏东南山高坡陡、水流湍急、河床粗砾多,公路水毁现象十分严重。针对水毁这一问题,本文提出在高山区沿河公路路基防护工程中,采用浆砌片石护墙(以预制混凝土板或巨砾锚固为基础) 沉箱式或巨砾锚固式护坦的设计方案,对解决高山区沿河公路路基防护工程中基础处理的关键问题作出了有益的探索。     

宜黄高速公路荆沙公铁立交桥路段变形规律

高路堤侧向滑动、桥台破坏已成为高速公路主要工程病害。荆沙公铁立交桥路段路面与路堤变形严重,对4个变形监测断面、32个地表位移监测点、8个地下水平位移监测孔的数千个观测数据的统计分析表明,该路段在观测期内产生了明显的沉降和水平位移,并具如下规律:路肩以内的填土体自身固结基本完成,由于固结而产生的沉降很小;水平位移较大的监测点处由于水平位移所诱发的沉降较大,并由此产生纵向裂缝;最大变形深度为5m,除局部边坡失稳外,绝大部分路堤趾部基本稳定,路堤的变形仅限于其内部;边坡上各监测点的变形远远大于路肩、趾部,边坡下部又较上部显著,说明路堤变形主要危险在于边坡的侧向变形,而边坡则通过滑塌调整其稳定性。