Vertical zonation of horticultural farming in the Alaknanda basin of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Introduction In the Alakananda Basin, undulating terrain constitutes the most fragile elements of the ecosystem. Traditional economy rests on the terraced cultivation with extremely limited viability to expansion and modernization. Consequently, low economic return remains the characteristic feature of the agrarian landscape. It is the common experience that the ecological conditions of the basin are more suited to fruit cultivation rather than cereal farming (Atkinson 1889). Along with frui…     

Preliminary attempt to distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars by the methods of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis

Despite great achievements in the origins of domestic pigs made by the methods of zooarchaeology and molecular biology, how to scientifically distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars during the early stage of pig domestication is still poorly understood. Compared to wild boar’s diets which come from the natural environment, the diets of domestic pigs are more easily influenced by human feeding activities. Therefore, in principle, exploration of the dietary differences among pigs and under-standing the impact on pig diets fed by humans can have great potential to differentiate between wild boars and domesticated pigs. To reveal dietary differences among pigs and distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars based on comparison with the diets of humans and other animals, we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of human bones from Xiaojingshan Site and animal bones from Yuezhuang Site, both of which belong to Houli Culture in Shandong Province and date to about 8500-7500 years ago. The mean δ¹³C value ((−17.8 ± 0.3)‰) and δ¹⁵N value ((9.0±0.6)‰) in human collagen indicate that although millet agriculture began it was not the main subsistence strategy as millets are typical of C₄ plants and that humans made a living mainly by gathering, hunting or raising some domesticated animals. The δ¹³C value (−16.1‰) and δ¹⁵N value (6.9‰) in the bovine suggest that C₃ plants were dominant in its diet with some C₄ plants complemented. The fish has lower δ¹³C value (−24.9‰) and higher δ¹⁵N value (8.8‰) than the bovine, which is the characteristic of the isotopic values from Eurasian freshwater fish. Based on the differences in carbon and nitrogen isotope values, the pigs can be divided into three groups. A group, composed of two pigs, has low δ¹³C values (−18.1‰, −20.0‰) and low δ¹⁵N values (4.7‰, 6.0‰). B group, only one pig, has the highest δ¹³C value (−10.6‰) and mediate δ¹⁵N value (6.4‰). As for the C group, also only one pig, low δ¹³C value (−19.0‰) and the highest δ¹⁵N value (9.1‰) are observed. Previous studies on the stable isotopes from modern or ancient wild boars’ bones have suggested that C₃ plants are predominated in their diets and that their δ¹⁵N values are close to those in herbivores and far from those in carnivores. Based on the comparison with the isotope values from humans, the wild boars and the domestic pigs from Xipo Site in Henan 6000-5500 years ago and Kangjia Site in Shaanxi 4500-4000 years ago, we conclude that A pig group belongs to wild boars while B and C groups can be attributed to domesticated pigs. Supported by Max-Planck Society and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KJCX3.SYW.N12), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40702003) and President Funding of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences     

Dinarides东南部跨界岩溶含水层的特性

Dinarides南部是世界上岩溶发育最强烈的地区之一,同时也是欧洲降水量最大的地区。区内碳酸盐岩沉积厚度大于300m,平均岩溶发育深度从250m 至350m,沿断裂发育的岩溶,甚至更深。地下水平均流速变化较大,从0.002 cm/s至55.2cm/s。地下水滞留时间很短,水位变化非常迅速,变幅高达312m。地下水位对强降雨的响应小于4小时。岩溶大泉的主要特征是管道出口深,最大最小流量变化大。区内发育的落水洞有成千上百个,其中一些落水洞排水能力超过100m3/s,规模巨大并被洪水暂时淹没的岩溶坡立谷闻名世界各地。泉水天然流量和野生动物生存环境的改变,特别是当地特有物种的破坏,已经成为新近许多岩溶工程项目的焦点议题。由于该区极其复杂的水文地理和政治环境,不同国度间的跨界含水层似乎是一个非常敏感的问题。      

瓦屋山地区野生报春花资源及其开发利用

研究了瓦屋山地区野生报春花资源的种类、资源数量、观赏评价、生物生态学特点和生境。主要结论为 :瓦屋山地区现有萼报春、卵叶报春、峨眉苣叶报春、宝兴掌叶报春、川西遂瓣报春、等梗报春、城口报春、苣叶报春等 9种。其中 ,萼报春的资源及其生态变幅最大 ,宝兴报春、卵叶报春和川西遂瓣报春的次之 ,峨眉苣叶报春、等梗报春和宝兴掌叶报春的较小 ,城口报春和苣叶报春的最小。本文同时也提出了开发野生报春花资源的对策。     

海边香豌豆（Lathyrus maritimus）资源开发基础研究

海边香豌豆是生长在青岛海边的野生豆科植物，具有开发前途和应用价值。研究表明，它具有耐盐性、多年生、再生力强、抗逆性强、营养丰富等特点。其核型为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１４＝６ｍ＋８ｓｍ。     

新型饮料：果汁型天然矿泉水

以沁县七星泉饮用天然矿泉水为水基，以野生酸枣为原料，研制出了ＶＣ果汁型天然矿泉水饮料。该饮料转让给沁县唯思可达公司后已批量生产，并投放市场。从目前饮料市场的需求看，果汁矿泉饮料的发展前景广阔。     

山西关帝山野生植物资源研究

关帝山位于吕梁山脉中段，是著名的国家森林公园和山西省的旅游胜地之一。关帝山有着丰富的野生植物资源，据调查有野生维管束植物９３科，３４５属，７５２种。按照经济用途将它们分为１０类，其中：１．药用植物１３２种；２．饮料及食用植物７２种；３．纤维植物６９种；４．淀粉植物４９种；５．油脂植物９８种；６．观赏植物１２７种；７．蜜源植物１３２种；８．饲用植物１０１种；９．栲胶植物７２种１１０．芳香植物７９种。此外，还提出了关帝山野生植物资源保护利用的对策。