拉拉铁铜矿床成因：来自细碧角斑岩岩相学和地球化学的证据

拉拉铁铜矿床是康滇铜矿带最大的IOCG矿床之一,过去曾一度被认定为海底喷流成因,现已逐渐被学者摒弃。然而,对于典型IOCG矿床的实例研究尚存在诸多疑问,特别是对拉拉地区广泛分布的钠长岩类与成矿关系的争议颇多。文中通过对拉拉小露天采场细碧角斑岩建造进行岩相学、地球化学和电子探针面扫描研究,发现其成矿期晚于细碧角斑岩建造形成时期,不存在火山喷发沉积成矿期。岩相学研究表明,角斑岩基质中既有原生钠长石呈残余斑晶产出,也有次生钠长石呈它形粒状交代原生钠长石现象,且角斑岩含矿量较细碧岩低;钠长石的电子探针面扫描显示磁铁矿沿钠长石四周分布,且晚期成矿流体具有富K和Al的特点,说明细碧岩受到了晚期构造变动的影响。成矿流体呈脉状侵入到细碧岩的片理中,在片理化带发育大量黑云母、白云母,并富集大量的金属氧化物、金属硫化物。地球化学显示,细碧角斑岩明显富集Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf,强烈亏损Ba、Pb、Sr和Ti,∑REE变化较大,成矿流体的Na含量较低且富含大量的K、Al、CO2和H2O。87Sr/86Sr初始比值为0.701 26～0.762 41,显示其受到了地壳混染影响。5件角斑岩εNd(t)值为-1.09～6.75,暗示流体上升途径亏损地幔-地壳的过程。成矿流体来自地下深处的岩浆房,不断上升至地壳,在上升过程中侵入到薄弱带或片理化岩石成矿,这一成矿过程类似于透岩浆流体模型。     

全新世大暖期燕北地区人地关系的演变

本文从考古学文化的空间分布，聚落遗址的规模形态，生产工具的组合特点等几等方面，探讨了燕山地区全新大暖期（８５００ａＢＰ～３０００ａＢＰ）期间的人地关系，尤其是土地利用方式论过程及其与当地自然环境演变过程之间的相互关系。结果表明，大暖期内的诸考古学文化各自所反映的土地利用方式特点，与自然环境演了在极好的对应关系，自然环境条件对史前人类活动起着强烈的制约作用。     

夏季全国降水EOF展开与黑龙江省降水的关系

用EOF对全国160个站夏季降水展开，取前5个特征向量进行分析，发现全国主要有4种雨型分布，依次呈“＋－＋”、“＋－”、“－＋－”、“－“型。与黑龙江省降为第1种，即东北区及黄河下游多雨，江浪少雨， 长江中下游流域多雨；夏末雨带南退至长江以南，华南多雨，而中国中部为广大的少雨区。     

测量平差中各种模型的等价转换关系

基于测量平差中各种平差方法其函数模型的表达，文中重点论证了各种平差方法之间的等价转换及其相互关系，得到的结果有利于各种平差方法的理解与渗透，对测量数据数据理论的分析和应用具有一定的参考价值。     

围压下岩石破坏声发射测试系统及震级频度关系的实验研究

震级频度关系的Gutenburg-Richter公式近年来受到了挑战,一些学者在不同条件下都发现了b值的非线性表现。本文利用自己装配的实验系统对围压下岩石破裂声发射活动的震级频度关系和时间序列特征进行了研究。实验表明AE事件的震级频度关系在某个中强震级K′之前基本符合b值规律,其b值的大小与破裂方式有关。在摩擦滑动中AE序列具有低b值的特征。从K′起震级频度关系出现明显的非线性现象。根据非线性表现的不同,可将其分为第一型和第二型两类。在AE序列中,也存在着“特征震级”的现象     

安徽向山地区火山岩层中硬石膏的沉积成因特征及其与硫铁矿的关系

本文从赋矿地层,含矿层序、容矿岩性、矿石结构构造、矿物组合、生成顺序、地球化学特征以及区域对比等方面,论证了向山地区的硬石膏矿床是在蒸发环境条件下,主要由火山喷气作用提供物质来源,通过沉积作用所形成的特殊膏盐建造,并受到后期岩浆热液的叠加改造。文章还分析了硬石膏形成的地质环境条件。最后阐述了该区硫铁矿与硬石膏的两种成因关系。     

Tropospheric vorticity responses to the solar magnetic sector structure and geomagnetic disturbances

The responses of the Vorticity Area Index (VAI) at 500 mb to large geomagnetic disturbances and to magnetic sector boundary crossings are evaluated for the periods 1947–57 and 1963–74, during which time the geomagnetic response to sector structure were known to be distinctly different. Results indicate that the nature of the VAI response to geomagnetic disturbances is markedly similar between the two subsets. The response does not vanish even when only those geomagnetic disturbances not related to sector boundary passage are used in the analysis, which suggests that enhanced geomagnetic activity can independently influence the lower atmosphere. Unlike the geomagnetic disturbance-related effects the sector-related effects have varied with time in a very complex manner. In view of this it is concluded that geomagnetic disturbances, whose effects have shown pronounced consistency, may prove a better solar signal in future sun-weather studies.     

Sunspot numbers and area-weighted united states monthly temperature and precipitation

Spectral analyses were made of derived area-index series of areas subject to extreme temperatures and precipitation as well as cross-spectral analyses of the area-index series with double sunspot cycle (Zurich) numbers. Superposed epoch analyses also were made of area-index series versus various double-sunspot cycle phases. Area series for wet and dry Junes, warm Junes, defined June drought, and warm Januaries all show statistically significant double sunspot cycle (21 year) periodicities. The 21-year cycle of above-normal June precipitation is most striking and has not received previous recognition.Journal Paper No. J-10007 of the Iowa Agric. and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, Project 2397.     

The influence of slope angle on soil entrainment by sheetwash and rainsplash

Although a number of studies of the variation of soil transport with increase in slope angle have appeared, few include an information on the interaction of sheetwash and rainsplash on high slope angles, which is necessary to test Horton's proposed polynomial relationship. Virtually no studies are available which compare the influence of changes in soil type or antecedent moisture on established relationships. This paper reports the testing of eight soils from Alberta, Canada, under simulated rainfall on ten slopes from 3° to 30°. Material eroded was separated into that transported by rainsplash and that by sheetwash. In general, it was found that the influence of changes in slope angle on soil transport is best described by polynomial relationships, but these are shown to vary considerably between rainspash and sheetwash, between different soil types and for different antecedent moisture conditions. Despite careful control of all factors other than slope angle very high variability of results was experienced. Causes of variability are examined and the need for evaluation of the effect of test plot size on variability of results is suggested.     

Temporal and spatial relationships between soil erosion and ecological restoration in semi-arid regions: a case study in northern Shaanxi,China

ABSTRACT

To assess the effects of the Grain for Green Program (GGP) on soil erosion is essential to support better land management policies in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Studies on the evaluation of the effects of the GGP on soil erosion have garnered heightened attention. However, few studies examined the efficiency of GGP on soil erosion control through spatial relationship analysis. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing the spatial variation relationship between soil erosion and GGP in northern Shaanxi, Chinese Loess Plateau, from 1988 to 2015. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to quantify changes in soil erosion at the regional and watershed scales, and the Geographically Weighted Regression model was used to analyze the spatial relationships between land use and land cover (LULC) and soil erosion. Our results indicated that the major characteristic of LULC change during the GGP was a rapid increase of vegetation area and a rapid decrease of cropland. Bare lands contributed to the most serious soil loss, followed by croplands and sparse grasslands. The GGP had a globally positive influence on the decrease in soil erosion over the study area, but the amount of soil erosion in western and northern regions maintained a severe level. Spatial heterogeneity in the nature of the relationships among different vegetation, croplands, and soil erosion was also observed. The change rate of wood and the change rate of soil erosion in northern sub-watershed represented a negative relationship, while the change rate of sparse grassland was negatively correlated to the change rate of soil erosion in 21 sub-watersheds, account for 72% of the study area. The GGP implemented in northern sub-watersheds were more effective for soil erosion control than southern sub-watersheds. We propose that current areas of vegetation can support soil erosion control in the whole northern Shaanxi, but local-scale ecological restoration can be considered in northern sub-watersheds.