开源GIS进展及其典型应用研究

近年来,开源GIS软件取得迅猛发展,越来越多的科研机构、企业和组织开展了开源GIS软件开发和应用研究。本文首先综述了当前主流的开源G1S软件及其典型应用,讨论了开源GIS软件版权许可形式;其次,分别从模块功能、体系架构和开发使用环境等方面分析了主流开源桌面GIS软件和WebGIS的特点,并提出研发和教学方面开源GIS软件选择的建议;最后,讨论了基于GeoServer、Nasa World Wind、MapServer和SharpMap四种开源GIS软件在地图制图、3维可视化表达、网络地理信息服务和移动GIS软件等方面的典型应用实例,对开源GIS的应用和发展前景进行了展望。     

网络3维地球软件客户端缓存动态管理设计与实现

本地缓存机制能够显著减少数据请求,提高网络数据传输与可视化效率。本文探讨了多线程模式下的网络3维地球软件客户端空间数据访问与缓存替换流程,针对性设计并实现了一种基于内外双缓存及单一大数据文件模式的空间数据缓存动态管理机制,通过实验验证了方法的有效性。     

基于多Agent的应急信息可视化研究

分析了应急信息可视化过程中引入多Agent系统的必要性,介绍了多Agent理论和研究现状,在分析当前应急信息可视化缺陷的基础上,提出了基于多Agent的应急信息可视化框架结构,着重阐述了角色控制Agent、可视化Agent、交互Agent和系统管理Agent的内部结构、工作流程和通信方式,最后给出了实验原型介绍和结论。     

河道洪水演进数值模拟及其在GIS平台上的可视化

针对公共安全应急平台中灾害预测预警和应急处置的快速反应需求,建立了基于圣维南方程的河道洪水演进的水动力学模型。采用库朗格式的特征线方法对基本方程进行数值求解,得出水位和流量沿河道的时空变化关系,在此基础上进一步研究了基于GIS的洪水演进可视化方法。最后,通过天然河道模拟实例验证了所建模型的可靠性和实用性。     

露天煤矿数字地质模型的建立及在虚拟开采中的应用研究

为了对露天煤矿剥、采、排和土地复垦的进行预控制,需要对露天矿生产进行预演,计算相关数据。采用层面模型建立露天矿的地质模型,以"多对角线交换循环算法"结合"凸包推进算法"建立约束TIN结构层面。根据露天矿开采推进的特点建立以台阶为单元的分层式开采模型,在地质模型和开采模型的基础上,根据露天矿实际生产情况建立开采模板,采用"人工交互式推进"实现露天矿的虚拟开采。     

后差分GPS测量则木河断裂地震微地貌特征

地震微地貌是研究古地震的重要证据。 发生在则木河断裂带上的1850年地震的地表破裂带在人类活动较少的地区得以保存完好。 研究区内地形起伏大, 断塞塘、 断层陡坎、 鼓包等微地震地貌特征明显, 在三维视图内可直观反映测量区内的这些地貌特征。 利用后差分GPS方法测量断裂活动形成的地震微地貌, 水平测量精度可达0.5 m, DEM精度可到一个像元1 m, 是定量化研究地震微地貌的一种新方法。 测量结果表明, 大箐梁子顶部七条干沟对应多次古地震事件; 大箐梁子顶部鼓包被断裂断错, 断塞塘沉积区向南迁移, 鼓包最新断错约4 m, 大箐村南山坡形成50 cm高断层陡坎。 说明大箐梁子一带地震活动性较强, 且以挤压构造为主。     

三维含拓扑地质剖面三角剖分可视化研究

三维剖面是地质对象表达和地质问题分析中最基本和最常用的数据。该文分析三维复杂地质折剖面可视化存在的问题,并提出展开剖分算法。该方法保证了各点之间的水平距离与剖面拓扑关系不变,能够对由"多边形-弧段-结点"矢量结构构成的三维折剖面进行有效剖分。在此基础上实现了三维剖面的可视化,尤其合理解决了纹理映射中的纹理变形与重复接缝等问题。     

Visualization and analysis of local and distant population flows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using crowd-sourced data

Human migration between cities is one important aspect of spatial interaction that not only reflects urban attractiveness but also denotes interactions amongst agglomerations.We therefore implemented a web-based visualization system to analyze and interactively explore local and distant population flow patterns between cities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).We utilized 2017 Tencent population flow data from which we initially constructed inbound and outbound vectors for cities on the QTP.We then used multidimensional scaling to examine and visualize migration patterns and similarities between cities.Results reveal the presence of six local and three distant human mobility patterns on the QTP as well as aver-age summer monthly migrations more than twice the level of those in the winter.     

Modeling 3D thermal fracture propagation by transient cooling using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

Thermal fracturing can play an important role in development of unconventional petroleum and geothermal resources. Thermal fractures can result from the nonlinear deformation of the rock in response to thermal stress related to cold water injection as well as heating. Before the rock reaches the final failure stage, material softening and bulk modulus degradation can cause changes in the thermo‐mechanical properties of the solid. In order to capture this aspect of the rock fracture, a virtual multidimensional internal bond‐based thermo‐mechanical model is derived to track elastic, softening, and the failure stages of the rock in response to the temporal changes of its temperature field. The variations in thermo‐mechanical properties of the rock are derived from a nonlinear constitutive model. To represent the thermo‐mechanical behavior of pre‐existing fractures, the element partition method is employed. Using the model, numerical simulation of 3D thermal fracture propagation in brittle rock is carried out. Results of numerical simulations provide evidence of model verification and illustrate nonlinear thermal response and fracture development in rock under uniform cooling. In addition, fracture coalescence in a cluster of fractures under thermal stress is illustrated, and the process of thermal fracturing from a wellbore is captured. Results underscore the importance of thermal stress in reservoir stimulation and show the effectiveness of the model to predict 3D thermal fracturing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling three‐dimensional hydraulic fracture propagation using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

Propagation of fractures, especially those emanating from wellbores and closed natural fractures, often involves Mode I and Mode II, and at times Mode III, posing significant challenges to its numerical simulation. When an embedded inclined fracture is subjected to compression, the fracture edge is constrained by the surrounding materials so that its true propagation pattern cannot be simulated by 2D models. In this article, a virtual multidimensional internal bond (VMIB) model is presented to simulate three‐dimensional (3D) fracture propagation. The VMIB model bridges the processes of macro fracture and micro bond rupture. The macro 3D constitutive relation in VMIB is derived from the 1D bond in the micro scale and is implemented in a 3D finite element method. To represent the contact and friction between fracture surfaces, a 3D element partition method is employed. The model is applied to simulate fracture propagation and coalescence in typical laboratory experiments and is used to analyze the propagation of an embedded fracture. Simulation results for single and multiple fractures illustrate 3D features of the tensile and compressive fracture propagation, especially the propagation of a Mode III fracture. The results match well with the experimental observation, suggesting that the presented method can capture the main features of 3D fracture propagation and coalescence. Moreover, by developing an algorithm for applying pressure on the fracture surfaces, propagation of a natural fracture is also simulated. The result illustrates an interesting and important phenomenon of Mode III fracture propagation, namely the fracture front segmentation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.